Table 4.
Differences in hydraulics and underlying traits among eight phylogenetic groups (Piceoideae, Pinoideae, Laricoideae, Abietoideae, Cupressoideae, Taxodioideae, Sequoioideae, and Taxaceae; see Fig. 4
| Traits | Phylogenetic test | One-way ANOVA | Mean value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Blomberg’s K-value P-value | F7, 20 | P | Piceoideae | Pinoideae | Laricoideae | Abietoideae | Cupressoideae | Taxodioideae | Sequoioideae | Taxaceae | |||
| Pit size | Pit membrane diameter (DPM) (µm) | 1.28 | 0.001 | 25.48 | <0.001 | 13.37 DE | 14.25 E | 14.78 E | 12.81 CD | 9.48 A | 9.93 AB | 12.39 BCD | 11.15 ABC |
| Torus diameter (DT) (µm) | 1.82 | 0.001 | 34.91 | <0.001 | 7.28 DE | 7.78 E | 8.03 E | 6.60 CD | 4.11 A | 4.49 AB | 5.73 BC | 4.84 AB | |
| Aperture diameter (DPA) (µm) | 1.62 | 0.001 | 19.39 | <0.001 | 4.38 CD | 4.59 A | 5.05 E | 4.35 CD | 2.69 A | 3.28 ABC | 4.14 BCD | 2.98 AB | |
| Pit sealing | Torus overlap (TO) | 0.60 | 0.002 | 3.15 | 0.02 | 0.40 AB | 0.41 B | 0.36 AB | 0.34 AB | 0.34 AB | 0.27 A | 0.27 A | 0.38 AB |
| Margo flexibility (MF) | 0.89 | 0.001 | 11.62 | <0.001 | 0.45 A | 0.45 A | 0.46 A | 0.48 A | 0.57 B | 0.55 AB | 0.54 AB | 0.57 B | |
| Valve effect (VE) | 0.56 | 0.001 | 4.78 | 0.003 | 0.18 AB | 0.18 AB | 0.16 A | 0.16 A | 0.19 AB | 0.15 A | 0.14 A | 0.22 B | |
| Tracheid size | Hydraulic diameter (Dh) (µm) | 0.42 | 0.07 | 2.37 | 0.06 | 11.73 A | 12.95 A | 14.46 A | 12.72 A | 11.97 A | 12.99 A | 15.40 A | 11.36 A |
| Tracheid density (TD) (mm–2) | 0.34 | 0.13 | 2.36 | 0.06 | 3.96×103 A | 3.24×103 A | 2.47×103 A | 3.46×103 A | 3.98×103 A | 3.29×103 A | 2.72×103 A | 4.35×103 A | |
| Mechanics | Wall thickness (Tw) (µm) | 0.27 | 0.38 | 0.89 | 0.53 | 2.68 A | 2.53 A | 2.36 A | 2.50 A | 2.57 A | 2.64 A | 2.63 A | 2.97 A |
| Thickness to span ratio (TSR) | 0.43 | 0.02 | 3.26 | 0.02 | 0.69 B | 0.32 A | 0.48 AB | 0.46 AB | 0.44 AB | 0.47 AB | 0.31 AB | 0.61 AB | |
| Wood density (WD) (g cm–3) | 0.62 | 0.002 | 3.23 | 0.02 | 0.59 B | 0.49 AB | 0.50 AB | 0.54 AB | 0.55 AB | 0.51 AB | 0.46 AB | 0.60 B | |
| Pit aperture resistance (RPA) (MPa s m–3) | 1.04 | 0.001 | 18.57 | <0.001 | 3.06×108 BC | 2.66×108 AB | 1.97×108 A | 3.12×108 BC | 1.35×109 E | 7.27×108 CDE | 3.57×108 BCD | 1.00×109 DE | |
| Hydraulics Embolism resistance (|P50|) (MPa) | 0.53 | 0.03 | 13.69 | <0.001 | 4.11 BC | 3.09 A | 3.35 AB | 3.81 AB | 6.44 D | 4.04 ABC | 3.30 AB | 5.67 CD | |
| Maximum specific hydraulic | 0.49 | 0.04 | 3.67 | 0.01 | 0.28 A | 0.31 A | 0.58 B | 0.31 A | 0.34 AB | 0.27 A | 0.20 A | 0.24 A | |
| conductivity (Ks) (kg m–1 s–1 MPa–1) | |||||||||||||
Phylogenetic test for traits and one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s (HSD) post-hoc test. Groups that are significantly different (P<0.05) are indicated with different letters. Bold represents significant values.