TABLE 3.
Signaling pathways modulated by the phytochemicals explored as chemopreventives and their molecular targets in different cancers.
| Compound | Molecular targets | Cancer | Pathway | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tryptanthrin | VEGFR2 Liao et al. (2013) | Chronic myeloid leukemia | Bax, Bcl2, Cytochrome C, Caspase 3 | Miao et al. (2011) |
| Neuroblastoma | N-myc | Liao and Leung (2013) | ||
| Breast cancer | MDR1, p53, P-glycoprotein, GST II, JNK | Yu et al. (2007), Yu et al. (2009) | ||
| Monocytic and Promyelocytic leukemia | Caspase 3/FAS Antigen pathway | Kimoto et al. (2001) | ||
| Epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma | P-gp, MRP-2 | Zhu et al. (2011) | ||
| Skin cancer | MAPK, β-catenin | Shankar G et al. (2020) | ||
| Curcumin | M-CSF 1 receptor, aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3, amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase and tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11 MMP-2, NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-2, core histone macro-H2A.1, NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 and epidermal growth factor receptor Furlan et al. (2018) | Myeloid leukemia | Cytochrome C-PARP-Caspase 9 cleavage | Mutlu Altundağ et al. (2021) |
| Melanoma | ROS-GSH-MMP | Liao et al. (2017) | ||
| Gastric cancer | ROS-ASK1-JNK | Liang et al. (2014) | ||
| Breast cancer | Cyclin B1, CDC2, NF-κB | Akkoç et al. (2016) | ||
| Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) Furlan and Bren (2021) | Glioblastoma | MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT3-IAP | Gersey et al. (2017) | |
| Liver cancer | MAPK, NF-κB, JAK/STAT3-IAP | Marquardt et al. (2015) | ||
| Kaempferol | NF-κBIKK Kadioglu et al. (2015) | Breast cancer | MAPK-ERK-MEK1&ELK1 | Kim et al. (2008) |
| AP-1-Cathepsin B&D, MMP-2, MMP-9 | ||||
| Brain cancer | Bcl2-Cleaved caspase 3,8, XIAP, Cleaved PARP | Sharma et al. (2007) | ||
| Liver cancer | STAT3-CDK1, Cyclin B, PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Huang et al. (2013) | ||
| Gastric cancer | IRE1-JNK-CHOP | Kim et al. (2018) | ||
| Lung cancer | AKT/PI3K&ERK PTEN, Bax, miR-340, Fas, cleaved caspase3,8,9 and cleaved PARP | Nguyen et al. (2003), Han et al. (2018) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | EGFR, AKT, Src, ERK1 | Lee and Kim (2016) | ||
| Stomach cancer | COX2, Bcl2, p-ERK,p-AKT, Bax, Cleaved caspase 3,9 | Song et al. (2015) | ||
| Oral cancer | MMP2, TIMP2, C-jun, ERK1/2 | Lin et al. (2013) | ||
| Resveratrol | LSD1 NTMT1 BIRC4 Kores et al. (2019) | Breast cancer | p53, AKT, NF-κB | Athar et al. (2009) |
| EGF Kumara et al. (2017) | Prostate cancer | PI3K/AKT, AMPK | Rashid et al. (2011) | |
| Colon cancer | AMPK, p53 | Liu et al. (2019) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | NF-κB | Mouria et al. (2002) | ||
| Ovarian cancer | ERK, NF-κB | Tino et al. (2016) | ||
| Epidermoid carcinoma | MEK-1, AP-1 | Kim et al. (2006) | ||
| Osteosarcoma | pERK1/2 | Alkhalaf and Jaffal (2006) | ||
| Squamous cell carcinoma | MEK, VEGF, AKT | Athar et al. (2009) | ||
| Leukemia | mTOR and p38 MAPK | Jiao et al. (2013) | ||
| Lung cancer | mTOR and p38 MAPK | Wang et al. (2018) | ||
| Gingerol | PI3K NF-κB C-Met COX2 Kumara et al. (2017) | Cervical cancer | PI3K/AKT AMPK mTOR | Zhang et al. (2021) |
| LTA4H (El-Naggar et al., 2017) | Skin cancer | COX-2, NF-κB and p38 MAPK | Kim et al. (2005) | |
| Breast cancer | PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK | Joo et al. (2016) | ||
| Colon cancer | LTA4H | Jeong et al. (2009) | ||
| Emodin | FGFR2 Chen et al. (2013) | Colorectal cancer | VEGF, Wnt | Dai et al. (2019), Gu et al. (2019) |
| Breast cancer | ERα-MAPK, AKT-Cyclin D1/Bcl-2 Her2 | Zhang et al. (1995), Sui et al. (2014) | ||
| Cervical cancer | PI3K/AKT, TGF-β | Olsen et al. (2007) | ||
| Lung cancer | PKC | Lee (2001) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | EGFR, STAT3 NF-κB | Wang et al. (2019), Tong et al. (2020) | ||
| Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma | β-catenin, AKT | Way et al. (2014) | ||
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | STAT3, PI3K/AKT/mTOR | Subramaniam et al. (2013) | ||
| Quercetin | NF-κB Mukund et al. (2019) | Prostate cancer | PI3/AKT Ras/Raf/MEK/MAPK | Sharmila et al. (2014) |
| Oral squamous cell carcinoma | NF-κB | Sun et al. (2010) | ||
| Gastric cancer | PI3/AKT | Shen et al. (2016) | ||
| Brain cancer | JAK 2/STAT 3 | Wang et al. (2013) | ||
| Skin cancer | MEK, ERK, PI3/AKT | Rafiq et al. (2015) | ||
| Mesothelioma cancer | JNK, p38, MAPK/ERK | Demiroglu-Zergeroglu et al. (2016) | ||
| Genistein | ERα Pang et al. (2018) | Breast cancer | (a) NF-κB (b) Notch 1-NF-κB | Pan et al. (2012), Mukund (2020) |
| Prostate cancer | PI3/AKT | Li and Sarkar (2002) | ||
| Colon Cancer | (a) Notch 1/NF-κB Slug/E-cadherin (b)Wnt pathway | Zhang and Chen (2011), Zhou et al. (2017) | ||
| Endometrial cancer | AKT/mTOR, MAPK | Malloy et al. (2018) | ||
| Esophageal cancer | JAK1/2, STAT3 and AKT/MDM2/p53 | Gao et al. (2020) |