Table 1.
| Study | Country | Study design | Time period | Diagnosis | Sample size | Mean/median age (years) Male gender | Risk (95% CI) | Covariates in adjusted risk |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barcella et al. (42) | Denmark | Cohort study | February 27 2020–January 2 2021 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (F20–29) BD (F30, 31, 38) Unipolar depression, including MDD (F32–34, F39) (ICD-8 and ICD-10) Controls = patients without psychiatric disorder |
Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (n = 984) vs. controls (n = 127,281) BD (n = 485) vs. controls (n = 127,281) Unipolar depression (n = 3,764) vs. controls (n = 127,281) |
40 (median) 48.8% 45.3 (median) 37.3% 44 (median) 30.8% |
Standardized average RR: 2.29 (1.36–3.22) Unadjusted HR:4.12 (2.64–6.43) Adjusted HR:2.41 (1.53–3.79) Standardized average RR: 1.87 (1.12–3.12) Unadjusted HR:3.34 (1.66–6.70) Adjusted HR:1.94 (0.97–3.90) Standardized average RR: 1.92 (1.39–2.44) Unadjusted HR:2.63 (1.97–3.52) Adjusted HR:2.04 (1.52–2.74) |
Age, sex, highest obtained education, income, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, CKD, HP, peripheral artery disease, DM, COPD, asthma, substance abuse, and malignancy |
| Nemani et al. (43)† | U.S. | Retrospective cohort study | March 3 2020–May 31 2020 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (F20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29) Mood disorders -Unipolar depression, including MDD F32, 33, 34, 39 -BD F30, 31 (ICD-10) Controls = patients without psychiatric disorders, with the exception of patients with organic mental disorders, mental disorders due to substance use, mental retardation, and disorders of psychological development. |
Lifetime SZ vs. controls: 75/6,349 Lifetime mood disorders vs. controls: 564/6,349 Recent SZ vs. controls: 46/6,349 Recent mood disorders vs. controls: 374/6,349 |
N/A |
Unadjusted OR: 2.93 (1.75–4.92) Demographically adjusted OR: 2.87 (1.62–5.08) Fully adjusted OR: 2.67 (1.48–4.80) Unadjusted OR: 1.82 (1.45–2.29) Demographically adjusted OR: 1.25 (0.98–1.61) Fully adjusted OR: 1.14 (0.87–1.49) Unadjusted OR: 2.84 (1.47–5.52) Demographically adjusted OR: 3.13 (1.50–6.54) Fully adjusted OR: 2.67 (1.26–5.69) Unadjusted OR: 2.19 (1.69–2.84) Demographically adjusted OR: 1.52 (1.13–2.03) Fully adjusted OR: 1.27 (0.94–1.73) |
Demographically adjusted: age, sex, race Fully adjusted (demographically + medical risk factors): age, sex, race, smoking status, HP, heart failure, myocardial infarction, DM, CKD, COPD, and cancer |
| Tzur Bitan et al. (44) | Israel | Retrospective cohort study | March 2020–October 2020 | SZ (ICD-9 or ICD-10) (F20) Controls = people without schizophrenia randomly drawn from the general population |
642 patients vs. 709 controls | 51.51 (mean, SZ) 51.37 (mean, controls) 61% |
Non-adjusted OR: 3.14 (1.34–7.36)
Adjusted OR (95% CI): 3.27 (1.39–7.68) |
Age, sex |
| Jeon et al. (45) | South Korea | Retrospective cohort study | 1 December 2019–15 May 2020 | Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD-10) (F20–F29) Mood disorders (BD+ MDD) (ICD-10) (F30-F39) Controls = patients without a psychiatric disorder |
159 patients vs. 628 controls 273 patients vs. 1,060 controls |
N/A | Adjusted OR: 2.25 (0.36–14.03) Adjusted OR (95% CI): 2.33 (0.96–5.66) |
Cohort matched by age, sex, and Charlson Comorbidity Index with up to four people without mental disorder and adjusted for type of insurance, medical history of DM and pneumonia, and use of β-blockers and anticonvulsants |
| Egede et al. (46) | U.S. | Cross-sectional analysis | March 20–July 10 2020 | BD (ICD-9 and ICD-10) (F30.1–F30.4, F30.9, F31.1–F31.6, F31.73–F31.78, F31.9) Controls = patients without a psychiatric disorder |
38 patients vs. 1,330 controls | 52.3 (mean) 29.7% |
Non-adjusted HR: 2.83 (1.15–6.96)
Demographically adjusted HR: 2.63 (1.07–6.49) Fully adjusted HR: 2.67 (1.07–6.67) |
Gender, age, race/ethnicity, location, and primary payor, tobacco use, and BMI. |
| Fond et al. (47) | France | Case-control study | February 27 2020–May 4 2020 | SZ (F20,22,25) (ICD-10) Controls = patients without a psychiatric disorder |
15 patients vs. 1,077 controls | 66 (median) 73.3% |
Non-adjusted OR: 3.80 (1.19–12.20) | |
| Adjusted OR: 4.36 (1.09–17.44) | Age, sex, smoking status, obesity, Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||||||
| Adjusted OR: 4.28 (1.07–17.20) | Age, sex, smoking status, obesity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hydroxychloroquine | |||||||
| Adjusted OR: 4.33 (1.08–17.34) | Age, sex, smoking status, obesity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, hydroxychloroquine-azithromycin combination | |||||||
| Fond et al. (48) | France | Cohort study | February 1 2020–June 9 2020 | SZ (F20,22,25) (ICD-10) Controls = patients without a SMI |
823 patients vs. 49,927 controls | 48.8% |
Unadjusted OR: 1.25 (1.05–1.49) Adjusted OR: 1.30 (1.08–1.56) Significant interaction between SZ and age (p = 0.0006): SZ patients between 65 and 80 years have a significantly higher risk of death than controls of same age [+7.89%; Adj. OR: 1.62 (1.28–2.06)] |
Age, sex, social deprivation, smoking status, overweight and obesity, Charlson Comorbidity Index, origin of the patient, hospital category, number of hospital stays for COVID-19, geographical areas of hospitalization |
| Reilev et al. (49) | Denmark | Cohort study | February 27 2020–May 19 2020 | SMI=SZ (F20), schizoaffective disorder (F25), or BD (F30,31)(ICD-10) Controls = patients without a SMI |
76 patients vs. 11,046 controls | N/A |
Non-adjusted OR: 3.8 (2.1–7.0) Demographically adjusted OR: 2.5 (1.2–5.1) Fully adjusted OR: 1.9 (0.9–3.9) |
|
| Age, sex | ||||||||
| Age, sex, and number of comorbidities | ||||||||
| Poblador-Plou et al. (50) | Spain | Retrospective cohort study | March 4 2020–May 17 2020 | Mood disorders (ICD-9-CM) Controls = patients without a psychiatric disorder |
202 patients vs. 569 controls | N/A | Adjusted OR: 1.38 (0.98–1.95) (men with mood disorder) Adjusted OR: 1.46 (1.12–1.91) (women with mood disorder) |
Age Age |
| Yang et al. (33) | U.K. | Retrospective cohort study | January 31 2020–July 26 2020 | MDD (ICD-9 or ICD-10) Psychotic disorders (ICD-10) Controls = non-psychiatric patients |
22,352 patients vs. 398,662 controls 1,431 patients vs. 419,583 controls |
N/A |
Adjusted OR: 2.68 (2.03–3.54)
Adjusted OR: 3.50 (1.70–7.17) |
Adjusted for birth year, sex, race or ethnicity, Townsend deprivation index, educational attainment, annual household income, BMI, smoking status, and history of chronic cardiac disease, DM, COPD, CKD, and asthma. |
| Castro et al. (51) | U.S. | Retrospective cohort study | February 15 2020–May 24 2020 | Mood disorders (MDD and BD) (ICD-10) Controls = individuals without a psychiatric disorder |
717 patients vs. 2,271 controls | N/A |
Mortality risk ≥hospital
day
12 Unadjusted HR: 2.16 (1.54–3.02) Demographically adjusted HR: 2.00 (1.42–2.82) Fully adjusted HR: 1.54 (1.05–2.25) Mortality risk <hospital day 12 Unadjusted HR: 1.17 (0.91–1.50) Demographically adjusted HR: 1.08 (0.83–1.39) Fully adjusted HR: 0.88 (0.65–1.18) |
Age, sex, race, ethnicity, admission site (academic medical center compared with community hospital), socioeconomic status, and Charlson comorbidity index |
| Diez-Quevedo et al. (52) | Spain | Retrospective cohort study | March 1 2020–November 17 2020 | Mood disorders (ICD-10) Controls = patients without mood disorders |
279 patients (mood disorder) vs. controls | N/A | Adjusted HR: 1.52 (1.13–2.06) | Sex, age, history of medical and psychiatric disorders |
| Wang et al. (53) | U.S. | Retrospective case-control study | Up to July 29 2020 | Depressive disorder (code 3548900) (including MDD) (SNOMED-CT) Controls = patients without a psychiatric disorder |
1,460 patients with a recent (past year, but prior to COVID-19) diagnosis of depression | N/A | Unadjusted OR: 1.56 (1.28–1.91) | Age, sex, ethnicity, and medical comorbidities (cancers, CVDs, type 2 DM, obesity, CKD, COPD, asthma, and SUDs) |
BD, bipolar disorder; BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; DM, diabetes mellitus; HP, hypertension; HR, hazard ratio; ICD-9-CM, International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification; ICD, International Classification of Diseases; MDD, major depressive disorder; N/A, not available; OR, odds ratio; RR, risk ratio; SMI, severe mental illness; SNOMED-CT, systematized nomenclature of medicine-clinical terms; SUDs, substance use disorders. Bold values indicate statistical significance between groups.
†
A secondary analysis was limited to patients with recently documented psychiatric diagnoses of interest recorded in an encounter between January 1, 2019, and March 3, 2020 (recent diagnoses).