Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the review.
| References | Country | Animals | I/R | No. of Animals | Groups | Met | Renal function |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sener et al. (2002) | Turkey | Male Wistar albino rats (200–250 g) | Right excised for 2 wk, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 1, 3, 6, 24, 48 h, or 1 wk | 6/6/6/6/6 | A. Control B. I C. I-Mel D. I/R1/3/6/24/48 h/1 wk E. I/R1/3/6/24/48 h/1 wk-Mel | 10 mg/kg, s.c., 15 min before ischemia and reperfusion period | BUN, Scr |
| Kunduzova et al. (2003) | France | Male SD rats weighing 200–250 g | Right ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 6 h | 4-6/4-6/4-6/4-6 | A. Sham B. Sham + Mel C. I/R + vehicle D. I/R + Mel | 5 mg/kg, i.v. 15 min before ischemia | BUN, Scr, Scoring of tubular necrosis |
| Sahna et al. (2003) | Turkey | Male Wistar rats (150–200 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 8/8/8/8 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel (before ischemia) D. I/R + Mel (before reperfusion) | 4 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min before ischemia | / |
| Rodríguez-Reynoso et al. (2004) | Mexico | Male SD rats (250–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 75 min, followed by reperfusions | 5/5/5/5 | A. Sham B. I/R + vehicle C. I/R + Mel D. Sham + Mel | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 15 min before ischemia | Scr |
| Aktoz et al. (2007) | Turkey | Male Wistar-albino rats (233–339 g) | Left ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 60 min | 6/6/6/6 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + Vitamin E | 10 mg/kg i.p., 72, 48, 24 h, and 30 min before ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Kurcer et al. (2007a) | Turkey | Male SD rats (150–250 g) | Left ischemia for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 8/5/10/7/10/8 | A. Control B. Diabetic C. I/R D. Diabetic + I/R E. Mel + I/R F. Mel + diabetic + I/R | 4 mg/kg/day, i.p. daily for 15 days prior to ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Kurcer et al. (2007b) | Turkey | Male Wistar albino rats (150–250 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 8/8/8/8/8/8 | A. Control B. Mel + control C. Sham D. Mel + sham E. I/R F. Mel + I/R | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Fadillioglu et al. (2008) | Turkey | Male SD rats (150–250g) | Left ischemia for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 7/5/7/7/7/7 | A. Control B. Diabetic C. I/R D. Diabetic + I/R E. I/R + Mel F. I/R + diabetic + Mel | 4 mg/kg, i.p., during 15 days prior to ischemia | ALT, AST |
| Ersoz et al. (2009) | Turkey | Male SD rats (250–300 g) | Bilaterally ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion | 8/8/8/8 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D.I/R + 1400W | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 60 min before ischemia | Scr, BUN, AST |
| Sinanoglu et al. (2012) | Turkey | Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 45 min | 6/6/6/6/6 | A. Control B. I/R C. Mel + I/R D. Vitamin D3 + I/R E. Mel + Vitamin D3 + I/R | 10 mg/kg, i.p. for 7 days, a week prior to I/R | Scr, BUN, ALT, AST |
| Ahmadiasl et al. (2013) | Iran | male Wistar Albino rats (weighing 200–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 10/10/10/10 | A. I/R + vehicle B. I/R + Mel C. I/R + erythropoietin D. I/R + Mel + erythropoietin | 10 mg/kg i.p., 10 min before ischemia | BUN |
| Sezgin et al. (2013) | Turkey | Male Wistar rats (200–250g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 45 min | 6/6/6/6/6 | A. Control B. I/R D. I/R + Mel E. I/R + Vitamin D3 F. I/R +Vitamin D3 + Mel | 10 mg/kg, i.p., for 7 days prior to ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Ahmadiasl et al. (2014a) | Iran | Male Wistar-Albino rats (200–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 10/10/10/10/10 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + erythropoietin E. I/R + erythropoietin + Mel | 10 mg/kg i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia. | BUN |
| Ahmadiasl et al. (2014b) | Iran | Male Wistar- Albino rats (200–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 10/10/10/10 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + erythropoietin | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia | Scr |
| Cetin et al. (2014) | Turkey | Albino New Zealand male rabbits | Left ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 3 h | 6/6/6/6/6 | A. Control B. I C. I/R D. I/V/R E. I/R + Mel | 2.5 mg/kg i.p., 1 h prior to ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Sehajpal et al. (2014) | India | Male wistar Rats (200–250 g) | Both ischemia for 40 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 8/8/8/8/8/8 | A. Control B. Sham C. I/R D. I/R + Mel (4 mg/kg) E. I/R + Mel (10 mg/kg) F. I/R + Mel+mifepristone | 4/10 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min prior to ischemia | BUN, Serum progesterone, CrCl, Uric acid, Serum potassium |
| Hadj Ayed Tka et al. (2015) | Tunisia | Male Wistar rats (200–250 g) | Both ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion for 120 min | 6/6/6 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel | 40 mg/kg i.p., 30 min prior to ischemia | Jablonski score, Scr clearance |
| Oguz et al. (2015) | Turkey | Male Wistar albino rats (180–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 6/4/12/12 | A. Control B. LPS C. I/R D. I/R + Mel | 10 mg/kg i.p., before ischemia | Renal tubular injury |
| Yilmaz et al. (2015) | Turkey | Wistar albino type male rats (250–260 g) | Left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 1 h | 10/10/10/10/10/10 | A. Control B. Sham C. I/R D. I/R + Zinc E. I/R + Mel F. I/R + Zn + Mel | 3 weeks of 3 mg/kg/day i.p., before ischemia | / |
| Yip et al. (2015) | China-Taiwan | Adult male SD rats (325–350 g) | Both ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion | 10/10/10/10 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Ex4 D. I/R + Mel E. I/R + Ex4 + Mel | 20 mg/kg i.p., 30 min post-reperfusion and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 h | Scr, BUN, ratio of urine protein to creatinine |
| Banaei et al. (2016a) | Iran | Male Wistar Albino rats (200–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 10/10/10/10/10 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + erythropoietin E. I/R + Mel + erythropoietin | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia | Uric acid |
| Banaei et al. (2016b) | Iran | Male Wistar albino rats (200–300 g) | Right excised, left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h | 10/10/10/10 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + erythropoietin | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia | / |
| Chang et al. (2016) | China-Taiwan | Pathogen-free, adult male SD rats (320–350 g) | Left ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion | 8/8/8/8/8 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Ex4 D. I/R + Mel E. I/R + Ex4 + Mel | 20 mg/kg at 0.5 h after IR and 50 mg/kg at 6 and 18 h after I/R | Scr, BUN, ratio of urine protein to creatinine |
| Shi et al. (2019) | China | Male adult SD rats (250 ± 10 g, 6–8 weeks 7 of age) | Both ischemia for 30 min, then released for 48 h reperfusion | 6-8/6-8/6-8/6-8/6-8/6-8 | A. Sham B. I/R C. Diabetic + sham D. Diabetic + I/R E. Diabetic + I/R + Mel F. Diabetic + I/R+ Mel + EX5 | 10 mg/kg, i.p., daily for 4 weeks prior to ischemia | BUN, Scr |
| Souza et al. (2018) | Brazil | Adult male Wistar rats, weighing 276–406 g | Left ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 4 h | 8/8/8/8 | A. I/R B. cold I/R C. Mel+I/R D. Mel+cold I/R | 10 mg/kg, i.p., 10 min prior to ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Chen et al. (2019a) | China | Male SD rats with an age of 7 weeks old, weighing 180–200 g | Both ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion | 7/7/7/7/7 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R+ PAA E. I/R + Mel + PAA | 20 mg/kg, i.p., at 30 min, 50 mg/kg at 6 h and 18 hr, 50 mg/kg from day 1 to day 7 after reperfusion | / |
| Chen et al. (2019b) | China | Male SD rats (180–200 g) | Both ischemia for 1 h, followed by reperfusion | 7/7/7/7/7 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R + Mel D. I/R + PAA E. I/R + Mel + PAA | 20 mg/kg, i.p., at 30 min, 50 mg/kg at 6 h and 18 h after reperfusion | BUN, Scr |
| M El Agaty and Ibrahim Ahmed (2020) | Egypt | Male Wister rats, weighing 260–280 g | Both ischemia for 45 min, followed by reperfusion | 7/7/7 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R+Mel | 15 mg/kg, p.o., per day for 2 weeks before IR | BUN, Scr |
| Wang et al. (2020) | USA | Eight-week-old male C57BL/6 mice | 30-min bilateral renal artery ischemia, 24 h or 72 h reperfusion | 6/6/6 | A. Sham B. I/R C. I/R+Mel | 5 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min after ischemia | BUN, Scr |
| Yang et al. (2020) | China | Female C57BL/6 mice | Right ischemia for 40 min, followed by reperfusion | 8/8/8/8 | A. Sham B. Mel C. I/R + saline D. I/R + Mel | 20 mg/kg, i.p. 24 and 1 h before ischemia | Scr, BUN |
| Zahran et al. (2020) | Egypt | Female albino rats | Both ischemia for 40 min, followed by reperfusion | 8/8/8/8/8/8/8 | A. Control B. Sham C. I/R + saline D. I/R + Mel E. I/R + mesenchymal stem cells F. I/R + exosomes G. I/R + Mel + mesenchymal stem cells H. I/R + Mel + exosomes | 20 mg/kg, i.p., 3 days after ischemia | BUN, Scr, Retinol-binding protein |
h, hour(s); wk, week(s); I, ischemia; Mel, Melatonin; I/R, ischemia/reperfusion; i.p., intraperitoneally; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Scr, Serum creatinine; SD, Sprague-Dawley; Px, pinealectomized; min, minute(s); ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; EPO, erythropoietin; IVR, ischemia-venous blood-reperfusion; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; CrCl, creatinine clearance.