Figure 3.

Final path model with standardized path coefficients. Solid lines reflect significant associations. A mothers’ prenatal substance use was effects coded, yielding two comparisons: (a) pregnant women who used both marijuana and tobacco or tobacco only (“THC + Tob. & Tob. only”) were compared to pregnant women who did not use either substance (“none”); and (b) pregnant women who used tobacco but not marijuana (“tobacco only”) were compared to women who used both marijuana and tobacco (“THC + Tob.”). Time coding for the latent growth variables reflects the number of months from the prenatal assessment divided by a constant (4). Temperament profiles were dummy coded; the well-regulated profile served as the reference group for all comparisons.