Table 1. Interventions with consumer engagement as defined by the IAP2 Public Participation Spectrum.

	Inform (not included in review)	Consult	Involve	Collaborate	Empower
Public Participation Goal	To provide the public with balanced and objective information to assist them in understanding the problem, alternatives, opportunities and/or solutions	To obtain public feedback on analysis, alternatives and/or decisions	To work directly with the public throughout the process to ensure that public concerns and aspirations are consistently understood and considered	To partner with the public in each aspect of the decision including the development of alternatives and the identification of the preferred solution	To place final decision making in the hands of the public
Promise to the public	We will keep you informed.	We will keep you informed, listen to and acknowledge concerns and aspirations, and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.	We will work with you to ensure that your concerns and aspirations are directly reflected in the alternatives developed and provide feedback on how public input influenced the decision.	We will look to you for advice and innovation in formulating solutions and incorporate your advice and recommendations into the decisions to the maximum extent possible.	We will implement what you decide.
Consumer engagement methods	· Mass media · Website · Press releases · Mail outs · Fact sheets · Hotline · Displays and exhibitions · Presentations	· Focus group · Patient surveys · Feedback and complaints · Story-telling · Social media · Planning meetings/forums · Suggestion boxes · Patient diaries · Mystery shopping	· Forums for debate · Health panels · Shadowing patients · Workshops · Public meetings	· Patient advisory councils/committees · Expert patients · Charette (interdisciplinary planning group) · Constituent assembly · Delphi process · Retreats · Round tables · Impact assessments · Ethics committees · World Café · Town hall meetings · Revolving conversation	· Citizen jury · Consumer managed project/service · Consensus conference · Deliberative polling · Search conference · Study circles · Study groups · Sustainable community development · Think tanks