Table 2. Summary of overall and subgroup meta-analyses.

Variable	Studies	Sample size	Positive cases	Prevalence, % (95% CI)	I2	95%, Prediction interval	p-Heterogeneity	p Egger	P-Difference
Prediabetes	9	88702	6443	11.62 (7.17–16.97)	0.998	(0.29–35.23)	< 0.001	0.1209	0.8978
Male prediabetes	7	39241	2796	10.98 (6.95–15.79)	0.994	(0.58–31.47)	< 0.001
Female prediabetes	8	49201	3565	11.40 (6.55–17.40)	0.997	(0.01–37.55)	< 0.001
Diabetes	15	103063	15429	14.39 (12.51–16.38)	0.984	(7.37–23.23)	< 0.001	0.7296
Undiagnosed	8	91526	6798	8.60 (6.48–10.99)	0.992	(2.25–18.48)	< 0.001	0.2363
By Gender								0.7555	0.6063
Male	12	45580	6697	13.80 (11.94–15.77)	0.961	(7.53–21.56)	< 0.001
Female	13	55678	7992	14.54 (12.50–16.70)	0.973	(7.49–23.40)	< 0.001
By Setting								0.8733	0.0594
Rural	11	37307	5060	12.72 (10.63–14.97)	0.966	(5.84–21.73)	< 0.001
Urban	7	61561	9285	15.89 (13.59–18.34)	0.984	(8.23–25.48)	< 0.001
By Age								0.3720	0.0001
20 to 29	5	2078	110	3.16 (3.62–6.94)	0.493	(1.35–11.05)	0.0915
30 to 45	4	5935	815	13.71 (12.85–14.60)	0.000	(11.84–15.69)	< 0.001
46 to 59	4	11165	2517	25.66 (20.60–31.07)	0.966	(5.70–53.57)	< 0.001
60+	6	10191	3489	33.45 (28.45–38.64)	0.955	(17.14–52.08)	< 0.001
Time period								0.7296	0.0210
1995–2010	5	42949	5250	11.82 (9.44–14.43)	0.951	(4.56–21.81)	< 0.001
2011–2020	10	64615	11003	15.77 (13.75–17.89)	0.974	(8.98–24.00)	< 0.001
Ethnicity								0.1269	<0.0001
Malay	10	56435	7718	15.25 (11.59–19.29)	0.993	(3.70–32.67)	0.0001
Chinese	9	18057	1949	12.87 (9.73–16.37)	0.974	(3.29–27.38)	0.0233
Indian	9	7909	1724	25.10 (20.19–30.35)	0.959	(9.14–45.65)	0.0001
Bumiputeras	9	9699	704	8.62 (5.41–12.47)	0.968	(0.37–25.27)	0.3535
Others	6	1710	122	6.91(5.71–8.19)	0.000	(5.25–8.76)	0.8290