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Upper panel: Part A, healthy volunteers; Lower panel: Part B, opioid-tolerant patients. At 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes after the start of the buprenorphine or placebo infusion, escalating intravenous fentanyl doses were administered over 90 seconds. Planned fentanyl bolus doses are labelled in the graphs. Higher doses were not administered to participants if they did not tolerate lower fentanyl doses.
