Table 1. Maternal Sociodemographic and Pregnancy Characteristics, Overall and by Infant Death, Healthy Families Sites and Texas, 2011–2015a .
| Characteristic | Hidalgo County |
Smith County |
Texas |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Births (N = 80,621) | Infant Deaths |
All Births (N = 15,253) | Infant Deaths |
All Births (N = 1,942,899) | Infant Deaths |
||||
| Yes, n = 368 | No, n = 80,253 | Yes, n = 115 | No, n = 15,138 | Yes, n = 10,622 | No, n = 1,932,277 | ||||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 26.4 (6.2) | 26.3 (6.9) | 26.4 (6.2) | 26.8 (5.7) | 26.9 (5.8) | 26.8 (5.7) | 27.4 (6.0) | 27.1 (6.5)b | 27.4 (6.0)b |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | 73 | + | 68 |
| Education | |||||||||
| High school graduate or less | 52,262 (64.8) | 263 (71.5)b | 51,999 (64.8)b | 6,902 (45.3) | 51 (44.4) | 6,851 (45.3) | 932,381 (48.0) | 5,995 (56.4)b | 926,386 (47.9)b |
| At least some college education | 28,325 (35.1) | 102 (27.7)b | 28,223 (35.2)b | 8,321 (54.7) | 64 (55.7) | 8,257 (54.5) | 1,008,399 (52.0) | 4,471 (42.1)b | 1,003,928 (52.0)b |
| Missing | 34 (0.0) | + | 31 (0.0) | 30 (0.2) | — | 30 (0.2) | 2,119 (0.1) | 156 (1.5) | 1,963 (0.1) |
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married | 44,090 (54.7) | 198 (53.8) | 43,892 (54.7) | 8,699 (57.0) | 52 (45.2)b | 8,647 (57.1)b | 1,126,048 (58.0) | 5,261 (49.5)b | 1,120,787 (58.0)b |
| Unmarried | 36,531 (45.3) | 170 (46.2) | 36,361 (45.3) | 6,554 (43.0) | 63 (54.8)b | 6,491 (42.9)b | 816,829 (42.0) | 5,361 (50.5)b | 811,468 (42.0)b |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | 22 (0.0) | — | 22 (0.0) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||||||||
| Hispanic | 78,216 (97.0) | 359 (97.6) | 77,857 (97.0) | 4,493 (29.5) | 28 (24.4) | 4,465 (29.5) | 928,453 (47.8) | 4,687 (44.1)b | 923,766 (47.8)b |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 113 (0.1) | + | 113 (0.1) | 2,619 (17.2) | 32 (27.8) | 2,587 (17.1) | 221,600 (11.4) | 2,261 (21.3)b | 219,339 (11.4)b |
| Non-Hispanic White | 1,639 (2.0) | + | 1,633 (2.0) | 7,601 (49.8) | 55 (47.8) | 7,546 (49.9) | 666,851 (34.3) | 3,122 (29.4)b | 663,729 (34.4)b |
| Otherc or unknown | 621 (0.8) | + | 618 (0.8) | 519 (3.4) | — | 519 (3.4) | 123,304 (6.4) | 495 (4.7)b | 122,809 (6.4)b |
| Missing | 32 (0.0) | — | 32 (0.0) | 21 (0.1) | — | 21 (0.1) | 2,691 (0.1) | 57 (0.5) | 2,634 (0.1) |
| US-born mother | |||||||||
| Yes | 44,517 (55.2) | 213 (57.9) | 44,304 (55.2) | 12,158 (79.7) | 96 (83.5) | 12,062 (79.7) | 1,401,933 (72.2) | 7,998 (75.3)b | 1,393,935 (72.1)b |
| No | 36,090 (44.8) | 154 (41.9) | 35,936 (44.8) | 3,085 (20.2) | + | 3,066 (20.3) | 540,212 (27.8) | 2,492 (23.5)b | 537,720 (27.8)b |
| Missing | + | + | + | + | — | + | 754 (0.0) | 132 (1.2) | 622 (0.0) |
| Principal source of payment | |||||||||
| Private insurance | 11,465 (14.2) | 48 (13.0) | 11,417 (14.2) | 6,219 (40.8) | 49 (42.6) | 6,170 (40.8) | 732,167 (37.7) | 3,207 (30.2)b | 728,960 (37.7)b |
| Medicaid | 49,359 (61.2) | 237 (64.4) | 49,122 (61.2) | 7,261 (47.6) | 58 (50.4) | 7,203 (47.6) | 905,873 (46.6) | 5,471 (51.5)b | 900,402 (46.6)b |
| Other or self-pay | 19,758 (24.5) | 82 (22.3) | 19,676 (24.5) | 1,754 (11.5) | + | 1,747 (11.5) | 302,080 (15.6) | 1,906 (18.0)b | 300,174 (15.5)b |
| Missing | 39 (0.1) | + | 38 (0.1) | + | + | + | 2,779 (0.1) | 38 (0.4) | 2,741 (0.1) |
| Pregnancy-related characteristics | |||||||||
| Received prenatal care | |||||||||
| Yes | 77,144 (95.7) | 330 (89.7)b | 76,814 (95.7)b | 13,969 (91.6) | 98 (85.2)b | 13,871 (91.6)b | 1,868,005 (96.2) | 9,240 (87.0)b | 1,858,765 (96.2)b |
| No | 2,521 (3.1) | 32 (8.7)b | 2,489 (3.1)b | 442 (2.9) | + | 429 (2.8)b | 57,882 (3.0) | 1,049 (9.9)b | 56,833 (3.0)b |
| Missing | 959 (1.2) | + | 950 (1.2) | 842 (5.5) | + | 838 (5.6) | 17,012 (0.9) | 333 (3.1) | 16,679 (0.9) |
| Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Indexd | |||||||||
| Inadequate | 10,578 (13.1) | 40 (10.9) | 10,538 (13.1) | 3,198 (21.0) | 20 (17.4) | 3,178 (21.0) | 328,303 (16.9) | 1,624 (15.3)b | 326,679 (16.9)b |
| Intermediate to adequate plus | 44,113 (54.7) | 197 (53.5) | 43,916 (54.7) | 10,521 (69.0) | 73 (63.5) | 10,448 (69.0) | 1,429,091 (73.6) | 6,607 (62.2)b | 1,422,484 (73.6)b |
| Missing | 25,930 (32.2) | 131 (35.6) | 25,799 (32.2) | 1,534 (10.1) | 22 (19.1) | 1,512 (10.0) | 185,505 (9.6) | 2,391 (22.5) | 183,114 (9.5) |
| Presence of maternal risk factors | |||||||||
| Any cigarette smoking during pregnancy | |||||||||
| Yes | 226 (0.3) | — | 226 (0.3) | 1,054 (6.9) | + | 1,042 (6.9) | 81,112 (4.2) | 749 (7.1)b | 80,363 (4.2)b |
| No | 80,391 (99.7) | 366 (99.5) | 80,025 (99.7) | 14,194 (93.1) | 103 (89.6) | 14,091 (93.1) | 1,861,588 (95.8) | 9,858 (92.8)b | 1,851,730 (95.8)b |
| Missing | + | + | + | + | + | + | 199 (0.0) | + | 184 (0.0) |
| Prepregnancy body mass indexe | |||||||||
| Obesity | 22,623 (28.1) | 121 (32.9)b | 22,502 (28.0)b | 4,092 (26.8) | 41 (35.7)b | 4,051 (26.8)b | 463,096 (23.8) | 3,099 (29.2)b | 459,997 (23.8)b |
| Overweight, normal, or underweight | 57,842 (71.8) | 243 (66.0)b | 57,599 (71.8)b | 11,083 (72.7) | 72 (62.6)b | 11,011 (72.8)b | 1,468,790 (75.6) | 7,248 (68.2)b | 1,461,542 (75.6)b |
| Missing | 156 (0.2) | + | 152 (0.2) | 78 (0.5) | + | 76 (0.5) | 11,013 (0.6) | 275 (2.6) | 10,738 (0.6) |
| Maternal diabetesf | |||||||||
| Yes | 5,268 (6.5) | 36 (9.8)b | 5,232 (6.5)b | 997 (6.5) | + | 988 (6.5) | 101,130 (5.2) | 563 (5.3) | 100,567 (5.2) |
| No | 75,353 (93.5) | 332 (90.2)b | 75,021 (93.5)b | 14,256 (93.5) | 106 (92.2) | 14,150 (93.5) | 1,841,769 (94.8) | 10,059 (94.7) | 1,831,710 (94.8) |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Maternal hypertensionf | |||||||||
| Yes | 4,564 (5.7) | 25 (6.8) | 4,539 (5.7) | 1,213 (7.9) | + | 1,201 (7.9) | 129,940 (6.7) | 913 (8.6)b | 129,027 (6.7)b |
| No | 76,057 (94.3) | 343 (93.2) | 75,714 (94.3) | 14,040 (92.1) | 103 (89.6) | 13,937 (92.1) | 1,812,959 (93.1) | 9,709 (91.4)b | 1,803,250 (93.3)b |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Multiple gestation | |||||||||
| Yes | 2,047 (2.5) | 38 (10.3)b | 2,009 (2.5)b | 450 (3.0) | + | 438 (2.9)b | 62,768 (3.2) | 1,406 (13.2)b | 61,362 (3.2)b |
| No | 78,574 (97.5) | 330 (89.7)b | 78,244 (97.5)b | 14,803 (97.1) | 103 (89.6)b | 14,700 (97.1)b | 1,880,119 (96.8) | 9,216 (86.8)b | 1,870,903 (96.8)b |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | + | — | + |
| Mother transferred for maternal or fetal indications for this delivery | |||||||||
| Yes | 102 (0.1) | + | 96 (0.1)b | 104 (0.7) | + | 101 (0.7)b | 5,008 (0.3) | 239 (2.3)b | 4,769 (0.3)b |
| No | 80,519 (99.9) | 362 (98.4)b | 80,157 (99.9)b | 15,149 (99.3) | 112 (97.4)b | 15,037 (99.3)b | 1,937,783 (99.7) | 10,380 (97.7)b | 1,927,403 (99.7)b |
| Missing | — | — | — | — | — | — | 108 (0.0) | + | 105 (0.0) |
| Final delivery route | |||||||||
| Vaginal | 46,512 (57.7) | 154 (41.9)b | 46,358 (57.8)b | 10,846 (71.1) | 62 (53.9)b | 10,784 (71.2)b | 1,262,019 (65.0) | 5,993 (56.4)b | 1,256,026 (65.0)b |
| Cesarean | 34,106 (42.3) | 213 (57.9)b | 33,893 (42.2)b | 4,404 (28.9) | 52 (45.2)b | 4,352 (28.8)b | 680,796 (35.0) | 4,626 (43.6)b | 676,170 (35.0)b |
| Missing | + | + | + | + | + | + | 84 (0.0) | + | 81 (0.0) |
Abbreviations: —, none reported; +, small cell size of <20 observations.
a
Data presented are number (%) unless otherwise indicated. Percentages may not add up to 100 due to rounding.
b
Significant difference within state or county, between infants that died and those that lived (P ≤ .05).
c
American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, other Asian, Native Hawaiian, Guamanian or Chamorro, Samoan, Other Pacific Islander, and other — not specified.
d
Operationalized as inadequate prenatal care, defined as prenatal care that began after the fourth month of pregnancy and the mother had less than 50% of recommended prenatal care visits, versus other categories combined (intermediate to adequate plus, ie, prenatal care that began by the fourth month of pregnancy and the mother had 50% or more of recommended prenatal care visits).
e
Aged <20 years, body mass index percentile ≥95th percentile; aged ≥20 years, body mass index ≥30, calculated as weight (in pounds) divided by height (in inches and squared) and the quotient multiplied by 703.
f
Prepregnancy or pregnancy-induced. Hypertension included preexisting or gestational hypertension/preeclampsia or eclampsia. Diabetes included diagnosis before pregnancy or diagnosis during pregnancy.