Table 2. List of model parameters.

Name	Used in	Description	Units	Bounds	Prior
ω 0	all models	initial conditions	–	simplex	Stan default
σ	all models	concentration parameter	–	[0, ∞)	Stan default
E k	all models	light-dependent growth parameter	μmol photons m−2 s−1	[0, 5000]	Normal(1000, 1000)
δ max	all models	maximum division rate	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_t}]$	Stan default
${\delta }_{\text{incr}}^{\left(i\right)}$	all models	increment in division rate, size class i	–	[0, 1]	Stan default
γ max	all but mf⋅⋅	maximum carbon fixation rate	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(10.0, 10.0)
β γ	m p⋅⋅	exponent in carbon fixation power law	–	[−10, 10]	Normal(0, 0.1)
${\gamma }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	m f⋅⋅	maximum carbon fixation rate, size class i	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(μγ, σγ)
μ γ	m f⋅⋅	hierarchical prior for mean of ${\gamma }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(10.0, 10.0)
σ γ	m f⋅⋅	hierarchical prior for s.d. of ${\gamma }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	d−1	[0, ∞)	Exponential(0.1)
ρ max	all but m⋅⋅f	maximum carbon loss rate	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(3.0, 10.0)
${\rho }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	m ⋅⋅f	maximum carbon loss rate, size class i	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(μγ, σγ)
μ ρ	m ⋅⋅f	hierarchical prior for mean of ${\rho }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	d−1	$[0,\frac{1}{{\Delta }_{t^{*}}}]$	Normal(10.0, 10.0)
σ ρ	m ⋅⋅f	hierarchical prior for s.d. of ${\rho }_{\text{max}}^{\left(i\right)}$	d−1	[0, ∞)	Exponential(0.1)
${\tau }_{\text{control}}^{\left(i\right)}$	m ⋅t⋅	control point i for time-dep. division spline	–	[0, 1]	Beta(9, 1)