Table 3. Anaesthetic and perioperative pain control methods in paediatric VATS.

Mode used for analgesia	Action	Comments
Oral	NSAIDS	Short term pain relief
	Gabapentin	Should be continued in perioperative period
Rectal suppositories	NSAIDS	Useful for Infants
Intravenous	Opiods via PCA pump	Useful for older children
Epidural analgesia	As suitable	Useful for older children
Intercostal nerve block	0.25% bupivacaine	Can be done intraoperatively by surgeon
Intrapleural instillation

PCA, patient controlled analgesia; NSAIDS, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.