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. 2021 Jul-Dec;14(2):93–118. doi: 10.21500/20112084.5236

Table 3. Parental and Family Functioning Measures Used at the Outcome Measures in the Family Hardiness Studies.

Outcome Measures Attributional Targets of the Scale Items
Parental Functioning Measures
Parental Global Health The parental global health scales included indicators of parent physical health, mental health, social health, life appreciation, exercise, and nutrition
Parental Stress The parental stress scales included indicators of heightened parent reactions in response to stressful life events such as child-rearing responsibilities, daily hassles, unexpected life events, and marital discord
Parental Anxiety and Depression The parental anxiety and depression scales included indicators measuring a parents sense of despair or dejection and dread or uneasiness Parental Psychological Well-Being The parent psychological well-being scales included indicators of a parents heightened positive sense of purpose and meaning and positive feelings of life satisfaction.
Parenting Demands The parenting demands scales included indicators of an increased burden on parenting as a result of a child disability or medical condition
Parenting Practices The parenting practices scales included indicators of a parent’s sense of competence and enjoyment in carrying-out parenting roles and responsibilities
Family Functioning Measures
Family Stress The family stress scales included indicators of family distress, negative affect, stressful family member interactions, and family difficulties
Family Life Satisfaction The family life satisfaction scales included indicators of satisfaction with the quality of family life, marital relationships, shared family time, and family member communication
Family Adaptation The family adaptation scales included indicators of a familys responses to problems, conflicts, difficulties, crises, and hardships
Family Cohesion The family cohesion scales included indicators of family member cooperation and coordination, mutual respect, and shared responsibilities