Table 9. Sizes of Effect Between Family Hardiness and Different Dimensions of Parent Functioning.
| Study | Outcome Measure | Sample Size | Correlation | 95% CI (Confidence Interval) | ||
| Lower CI | Upper CI | |||||
| Chen & Clark (2010) | Global Health | 126 | .32 | .15 | .47 | |
| Chen et al. (2014) | Global Health | 122 | .65 | .53 | .74 | |
| Chen et al. (2015) 1 | Global Health | 113 | .41 | .24 | .55 | |
| Chen et al. (2015) 2 | Global Health | 113 | .57 | .43 | .68 | |
| Bigalke (2011) | Parenting Stress | 125 | .23 | .05 | .39 | |
| Bigake (2015) | Parenting Stress | 115 | .32 | .14 | .48 | |
| McNaughton et al. (2004) | Parenting Stress | 182 | .10 | -.05 | .24 | |
| McStay et al. (2014) 1 | Parenting Stress | 98 | .59 | .44 | .71 | |
| McStay et al. (2014) 2 | Parenting Stress | 98 | .61 | .47 | .72 | |
| Raisanen (2013) | Parenting Stress | 87 | .28 | .07 | .47 | |
| Ladewig et al. (1992) 1 | Anxiety/Depression | 37 | .22 | -.12 | .52 | |
| Ladewig et al. (1992) 2 | Anxiety/Depression | 21 | .64 | .26 | .85 | |
| McNaughton et al. (2004) | Anxiety/Depression | 182 | .35 | .21 | .47 | |
| Nabors et al. (2013) | Anxiety/Depression | 95 | .32 | .12 | .49 | |
| Pate & Pate (2016) | Anxiety/Depression | 70 | .23 | -.01 | .44 | |
| Roper et al. (2013) 1 | Anxiety/Depression | 209 | .54 | .44 | .63 | |
| Roper et al. (2013) 2 | Anxiety/Depression | 209 | .56 | .46 | .65 | |
| Uthis (1999) | Anxiety/Depression | 145 | .42 | .27 | .55 | |
| Walsh (2004) | Anxiety/Depression | 26 | .57 | .21 | .79 | |
| Pate & Pate (2016) 1 | Parent Well-Being | 70 | .10 | -.14 | .33 | |
| Pate & Pate (2016) 2 | Parent Well-Being | 70 | .26 | .02 | .47 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) 1 | Parent Well-Being | 75 | .70 | .56 | .80 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) 2 | Parent Well-Being | 75 | .75 | .63 | .84 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) 1 | Parent Well-Being | 62 | .60 | .41 | .74 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) 2 | Parent Well-Being | 62 | .60 | .41 | .74 | |
| Varner (2009) | Parent Well-Being | 106 | .54 | .39 | .66 | |
| Chick (1998) | Parenting Demands | 75 | .17 | -.06 | .39 | |
| Choi (2015) | Parenting Demands | 145 | .61 | .52 | .72 | |
| Puasiri et al. (2011) | Parenting Demands | 237 | .14 | .01 | .26 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) | Parenting Demands | 75 | .09 | -.14 | .31 | |
| Svavarsdottir et al. (2000) | Parenting Demands | 62 | .14 | -.12 | .38 | |
| Varner (2009) | Parenting Demands | 106 | .35 | .17 | .51 | |
| Raisanen (2013) | Parenting Practices | 87 | .27 | .06 | .46 | |
| Uthis (1999) 1 | Parenting Practices | 145 | .35 | .20 | .49 | |
| Uthis (1999) 2 | Parenting Practices | 145 | .30 | .14 | .44 | |