Table 2.
Summary of cell sources, differentiation protocols, and terminally differentiated cells in the PSC-derived kidney organoids
| Cell sources | Differentiation protocol | Cell-specific markers | References | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2D culture | 3D culture | Glomeruli | Renal tubule | Collecting duct | Renal interstitium | Renal endothelium | ||
| hESC lines HES-3 and CRL1502 clone C32 | C (8, 4 days), FGF9 (200), H (1) (3 days) | C (5, 1 h), FGF9 (200), H (1) (5 days) | MAFB, NPHS1/2, PODXL, SYNPO, WT1 | LTL, AQP1, CDH16, CUBN, SLC3A1 (PT); CDH1 (DT); SLC12A1 (Henle) | GATA3, CDH1 | FOXD1, MEIS1 | CD31, KDR1, SOX17, SOX18, ANGPT2 | Takasato et al. (2015) |
| hESC line H9, hiPSC line HDF-α | C8-10, N (5) (4 days), A (10, 3 days), FGF9 (10, 2 days) | FGF9 (10, 2 days), FGF9 (10), C (3) (2 days), FGF9 (10, 3 days) | NPHS1, PODXL, WT1 | CDH2, LTL, AQP1(PT); CDH1, AQP2, BRN1 (DT); UMOD (Henle) | CDH1, AQP2 | PDGFRβ, α-SMA | Endomucin | Morizane et al. (2015); Homan et al. (2019) |
| hESC line H9 spheroids | - | C (12, 1.5 days), B27 (12 days) | PODXL, SYNPO, WT1 | LTL, CUBN, LRP2, CFTR (PT); CDH1 (DT) | - | ACTA2, COL1A1 | vWF, CD31, VE-cadherin, KDR | (Cruz et al. 2017; Czerniecki et al. 2018) |
| hESC lines ES4, H1 and H9 hiPSC line CBiPSsv-4F-40 line | C (8, 3 days), FGF9 (200), A (10), H (1) (1 day) | C (3), FGF9 (200), H1 (3 days), FGF9 (200), H (1) (4 days) | NPHS1, PODXL, PODOCIN, SCNN1B, SYNPO, WT1 | SLC3A1, LTL, CDH1, LTL, AQP1, SLC3A1 (PT); CDH1 (DT); UMOD (Henle) | - | - | ENDOGLIN, VEGFR, CD31 | Garreta et al. (2019); Monteil et al. (2020) |
| hESC line | FIGLA, PITX2, TFAP2C (2 days), HNF1A, GATA3, GATA1,EMX2 (2 days) | Basal APEL medium (10 days) | NPHS1, PODXL | AQP1, LTL, CDH16, FAM151A (PT); CDH2, CDH1, BRN2, PNA (DT); UMOD, BST1 (Henle) | AQP2 | - | - | Hiratsuka et al. (2019) |
| hESC lines H1 and H9 and hiPSC line ARPKD (patient-derived) | C (10, 4 days), Basal medium (3 days), C (3), FGF9 (50) (2 days) | FGF9 (50, 5 days), C (1), FGF9 (50) 10 days) | WT1, NPHS1 | LTL, LRP2, CDH6, AQP1 (PT), CDH1, AQP2, CK8, CALB1 (DT) | - | MEIS1, PDGFRβ, WT1, FOXD1 | CD31, CD34 | Low et al. (2019) |
| c-met-mutated hiPSCs | - | E8 medium | NPHS1, PODXL | LTL (PT) | - | - | CD31 | Hwang et al. (2019) |
| Genetically engineered H1 hESCs | A (50), C (3) (2 days), LDN (30), TTNPB (0.1 µM), A83-01 (0.2 µM), FGF2(200) (2 days), LDN (30), TTNPB (0.1 µM), FGF2 (200) (2 days) | LDN (200), TTNPB (0.1 µM), C (3), JAKI (100), G (50), A83-01 (0.2 µM), Rspo (110), FGF7 (50), SB (5), Y (10), EGF (50) (1 day), Matrigel droplet, Y (10), DAPT (5), PD (1), Aldosterone (100 nM), Vasopressin (1 I.U./ml), FGF9 (50) (7–10 days) | - | - | PAX2, RET, GATA3, CDH1, KRT8, LHX1, WNT11 (UB stage), AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, FOXI1 (CD stage) | - | - | Zeng et al. (2021) |
2D two-dimensional, 3D three-dimensional, A8301 ALK5 inhibitor (µM), A activin A (ng/ml), ANGPT angiopoietin, AQP aquaporin, ARPKD autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, B BMP7 (ng/ml), Brn Bruno-like 1, Brn2 POU domain, BST1 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 1, CALB1 calbindin, CK8 cytokeratin 8, CD collecting duct, C CHIR99021 (μM), CD31 platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1), CUBN cubilin, DT distal tubule, EMX empty spiracles homolog, FGF fibroblast growth factor (ng/ml), FIGLA factor in the germ line, alpha, FOX forkhead box protein I1, GATA trans-acting T cell–specific transcription factor, H heparin (μg/ml), hESC human embryonic stem cells, hiPSCs human-induced pluripotent stem cells, HNF hepatocyte nuclear factor, JAKI JAK inhibitor I, KDR kinase insert domain protein receptor, LRP2 lipoprotein-related protein, LTL lotus tetragonolobus lectin, MAFB musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B, Met mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition, N Noggin (ng/ml), NPHS1 nephrosis 1, PAX paired box protein, PDGFRβ platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PITX paired-like homeodomain transcription factor, PNA peanut agglutinin, PODXL podocalyxin-like, PSC pluripotent stem cell, PT proximal tubule, SLC solute carrier, SOX SRY-related HMG box, SYNPO synaptopodin, UMOD uromodulin, VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, vWF Willebrand factor, WNT wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus, WT1 Wilms tumor 1, Y Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 (mM)