Table 3.
Demographic data of the included studies.
| Study | Year | Country | Methodology | Sample size (per group) | Tooth group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Roghanizad | 1996 | United States | 2% methylene blue dye penetration | 94 (28) | Maxillary incisors |
| Yavari | 2012 | Iran | 2% methylene blue dye penetration | 188 (56) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Malik | 2013 | India | 2% methylene blue dye penetration | 70 (30) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Lee | 2015 | South Korea | 1% methylene blue dye penetration | 70 (10) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Alikhani | 2020 | Iran | 2% methylene blue dye penetration | 45 (15) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Shindo | 2004 | Japan | 2% methylene blue dye penetration | 100 (15) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Parekh | 2014 | India | Rhodamine-B dye penetration | 40 (10) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Bhullar | 2019 | India | Rhodamine-B dye penetration | 50 (10) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Pisano | 1998 | United States | Human saliva penetration | 74 (20) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Zakizadeh | 2008 | United States | Human saliva penetration and micro-CT evaluation | 50 (10) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Yavari | 2012 | Iran | Human saliva penetration | 70 (15) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Tselnik | 2004 | United States | Human saliva penetration | 78 (18) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Wolcott | 1999 | United States | Proteus vulgaris penetration | 110 (25) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Barrieshi-Nusair | 2005 | Kuwait | Pelikan ink penetration | 70 (30) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Jenkins | 2006 | United States | India ink penetration | 130 (40) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Sauáia | 2006 | Brazil | India ink penetration | 80 (20) | Maxillary and mandibular molars |
| Divya | 2014 | India | India ink penetration | 70 (15) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Ramezanali | 2017 | Iran | India ink penetration | 76 (22) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Galvan | 2002 | United States | Fluid filtration model | 52 (10) | Mandibular molars |
| Wells | 2002 | United States | Fluid filtration model | 62 (15) | Maxillary and mandibular molars |
| Maloney | 2005 | United States | Fluid filtration model | 30 (10) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Jack | 2008 | United States | Fluid filtration model | 34 (15) | Single-rooted teeth |
| John | 2008 | United States | Fluid filtration model | 40 (10) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Bayram | 2013 | Turkey | Fluid filtration model | 50 (10) | Maxillary incisors |
| Mohammadi | 2006 | Iran | Enterococcus faecalis penetration | 51 (15) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Fathi | 2007 | United States | Enterococcus faecalis penetration | 55 (15) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Valadares | 2011 | Brazil | Enterococcus faecalis penetration | 70 (20) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Rashmi | 2018 | India | Enterococcus faecalis penetration | 100 (20) | Single-rooted teeth |
| Celik | 2006 | Turkey | Staphylococcus epidermitis penetration | 60 (10) | Single-rooted premolars |
| Bailón-Sanchéz | 2011 | Spain | Glucose penetration | 42 (10) | Single-rooted teeth |