. 2021 Oct 29;46(2):333–341. doi: 10.1038/s41366-021-01005-y

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics of BOCABS Study participants pre- and post-RYGB and of non-obese Controls.

	Obese pre-RYGB (n = 22)	Obese post-RYGB (n = 22)	Non-obese controls (n = 20)	P value; pre-RYGB vs Controls	P value; pre- vs post-RYGB
Age (years)*	47 (1.2)	–	46 (2.6)	0.720	–
Sex N (%)
Female	18 (82)	–	12 (60)	0.175^b	–
Male	4 (18)	–	8 (40)	0.175^b	–
Smoking N
Daily	0	1	5	0.002^b	<0.001^‡
Occasional	0	11	1
Ex-smoker	11	9	2
Never smoked	10	0	12
Missing data	1	1	0
NSAID administration N
Yes	10	1	5	0.209^b	0.004^c
No	12	21	15	0.209^b	0.004^c
Cholecystectomy N
Yes	4	0	2	0.665^b	–
No	18	22	18	0.665^b	–
Diabetes Mellitus N
Yes	4	2	0	0.679^b	1.0^c
No	18	19	9
Missing data	0	1	11
Weight (kg)^a	114.8 (3.7)	87.7 (3.5)	71.8 (2.8)	<0.001	<0.001
BMI (kg/m²)^a	41.7 (1.4)	31.8 (1.1)	25.4 (0.5)	<0.001	<0.001
Body fat (%)^a	47.6 (1.0)	36.5 (1.5)	30.3 (1.3)	<0.001	<0.001
Waist: Hip ratio^a	0.92 (0.0)	0.87 (0.0)	0.86 (0.0)	0.039	0.001
Female	0.89 (0.0)	0.84 (0.0)	0.82 (0.0)	0.010	0.007
Male	1.07 (0.0)	0.99 (0.0)	0.93 (0.0)	0.001	0.067
FPG (mmol/L)^a	5.8 (0.4)	4.9 (0.4)	4.5 (0.1)	0.003^¶	0.001^‡
hsCRP (mg/L)^a	5.5 (0.9)	1.6 (0.4)	3.6 (1.2)	0.190^¶	<0.001^‡
HbA1c (mmol/-mol)^a	42.2 (2.9)	38.5 (2.4)	36.6 (0.8)	0.194^¶	0.001^‡
Insulin (pmol/L)^a	117.1 (19.6)	54.3 (7.8)	64.6 (10.6)	0.025^¶	0.001^‡
HOMA-IR^a	2.1 (0.4)	1.0 (0.1)	1.2 (0.2)	0.014^¶	<0.001^‡
Leptin (ng/mL)^a	62.5 (14.3)	15.6 (3.9)	11.2 (3.2)	0.002^¶	0.003^‡

An unpaired t-test was used for comparisons between pre-RYGB and non-obese Controls unless otherwise stated as ^¶ Mann–Whitney U test for non-parametric data

A paired t-test was used for comparison between pre- and post-RYGB unless otherwise stated as ^‡Wilcoxon signed rank test for non-parametric data

FPG Fasting Plasma Glucose, hsCRP high sensitivity C-reactive protein, HbA1c haemoglobin A1c, HOMA-IR homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance.

^aData presented as Mean (SEM)

^bFisher’s exact test

^cRelated sample McNemar test