. 2022 Jan 14;9:816697. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.816697

Table 11.

Dumitrescu–Hurlin causality test results.

Causality	$W_{N, T}^{H N C}$	${\tilde{Z}}_{N}^{H N C}$	p–value	Remarks
GDP_{i, t}→GGR_{i, t}	1.977	2.066	0.039	Homogeneous Bi–causal Relationship between Green Growth and Gross Domesetic Product.
GGR_{i, t}→GDP_{i, t}	2.291	2.842	0.005
EMS_{i, t}→GGR_{i, t}	1.321	1.983	0.000	Homogeneous Bi–causal Relationship between Green Growth and Emissions
GGR_{i, t}→EMS_{i, t}	1.432	1.735	0.002
EC_{i, t}→GGR_{i, t}	2.432	1.876	0.032	Homogeneous Bi–causal Relationship between Green Growth and Energy Consumption
GGR_{i, t}→EC_{i, t}	1.987	1.343	0.043
GTN_{i, t}→GGR_{i, t}	2.134	1.039	0.136	Homogeneous Ui–causal Relationship between Green Growth and Green Technology
GGR_{i, t}→GTN_{i, t}	1.432	1.234	0.001