Table 5.
Effects of dairy products on bone in younger adults (controlled trials)
| Study | Year | Population | N | Mean age (years) | Intervention | Duration | Outcomes | Main results | Conclusions: effects of dairies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baran et al. [90] | 1990 | Premenopausal women | 37 | ~ 36 | Dairy products equivalent to + 610 mg/day of Ca | 3 year | PTH, LS BMD | PTH: no change; LS BMD:—0.4 vs—2.9% in controls | Prevention LS BMD loss |
| Bonjour et al. [91] | 2008 | Postmenopausal women | 30 | 59.5 | Semi-skimmed milk 500 ml/day | 6 weeks | BTM, PTH | PTH:—3.2 pg/ml; CTX:—624 pmol/l; P1NP:—5.5 ng/ml; Osteocalcin:—2.8 ng/ml | ↘ PTH, ↘ CTX, ↘ P1NP, ↘ Oc |
| Bonjour et al. [93] | 2012 | Postmenopausal women with low spontaneous supply of Ca and Vit D | 71 | 56.6 | 2 servings of skimmed-milk and soft white cheese fortified with Vit D (2.5 μg/d) and Ca (400 mg/d) | 6 weeks | IGF-I, BTM | IGF-I: + 18 µg/l; TRAP 5b:—0.3 U/l; CTX: NS | Greater ↗IGF-I and ↘ TRAP5b |
| Chee et al. [94] | 2003 | Postmenopausal (> 5 years) women (55–65 years) | 173 | 59 | Milk powder with 1200 mg/d Ca | 24 months | BMD | LS BMD:—13 vs—90%; Hip:—0.50 vs—2.17%; FN BMD: + 0.51 vs—1.21% in controls | ↗Vit D, ↘ spine and hip BMD loss, benefit still evident 21 months after the study end |
| Ting et al. [95] | 2007 | Postmenopausal (> 5 years) women (55–65 years) | 173 | 61 | Milk powder with 1200 mg/d Ca | 24 months | BMD | Some difference still detectable 18 months after intervention end | |
| Chen et al. [96] | 2015 | Postmenopausal women | 141 | 55.9 | Milk powder with 900 mg/d Ca | 24 months | BMD | LS:—013 T-score difference in favour of intervention group | ↘ LS BMD loss |
| Gui et al. [49] | 2012 | Postmenopausal women without osteoporosis (45–65 years) | 141 | 56.5 | Milk/Soymilk with 250 mg/d Ca | 18 months | BMD | Milk: Hip: + 2.5%; FN: + 2.8%. Soymilk: not different from controls | Prevention FN and Hip BMD loss |
| Josse et al. [102] | 2010 | Young women | 20 | 23.2 | 500 ml skimmed milk before and 1 h after exercise | 12 weeks | PTH, BTM | PTH:—1.2 pmol/l | ↘ PTH |
| Josse et al. [103] | 2012 | Young overweight women | 90 | ~ 31.5 | 6–7 servings/day dairy | 16 weeks | PTH, BTM | PTH:—1.2 vs + 0.8 pmol/l; P1NP: + 16 vs + 1 µg/l; CTX: + 0.01 vs + 0.12 nmol/l in controls | Prevention of ↗ bone resorption |
| Kristensen et al. [104] | 2005 | Healthy young men (22–29 years) | 11 | 24 | 2.5 l/day of Cola + low-Ca diet vs 2.5 l/day of semi-skimmed milk + low-Ca diet | 10 days | BTM | CTX: 0.8—> 0.6 with milk vs—> 0.9 with cola | ↗ BTM with cola diet, not milk diet |
| Kruger et al. [105] | 2006 | Premenopausal women 20–35 years | 82 | 27 | High Ca skimmed milk (1000 mg/d of extra Ca) | 16 weeks | BTM | sCTX: 0.49—> 0.30 ng/ml; P1NP: 55.9—> 42.1 ng/ml | ↘ CTX, ↘ osteocalcin, ↘ P1NP |
| Kruger et al. [106] | 2010 | Postmenopausal women | 120 | 57.5 | Milk powder fortified with 1200 mg Ca, 96 mg magnesium, 2.4 mg zinc and 9.6 μg Vit D /d | 16 weeks | Vit D, PTH, BTM | CTX:—40%; osteocalcin:—30%; P1NP:—30% | ↘ BTM |
| Lau et al. [109] | 2001 | Postmenopausal women | 200 | 57 | Milk powder providing 800 mg/day Ca and 18.8 g protein | 24 months | BMD | Hip:—0.06 vs—0.88%; LS:—0.56 vs—1.5%; FN:—0.70 vs—1.1% in controls | lower ↘ BMD, ↗ Vit D, ↘ PTH |
| Lau et al. [110] | 2002 | Postmenopausal women | 187 | 57 | Milk powder containing 800 mg/d Ca | 36 months | BMD | Lower BMD loss; Hip 81%; LS: 65%; FN: 73% | lower ↘ BMD |
| Liu et al. [111] | 2011 | Pregnant women (24–31 years) with habitual low Ca intake | 36 | 27 | Milk powder (containing 350 mg Ca); milk powder (containing 350 mg Ca) + 600 mg Ca/d | 20 weeks gestational age to 6 weeks post-partum | BMD, BTM | Higher WB and LS BMD in the milk high calcium group | ↗ BMD |
| Moschonis et al. [113] | 2010 | Postmenopausal women (55–65 years) | 66 | 60 | Milk and yogurt fortified with 1200 mg Ca and 7.5/22.5 μg Vit D + counselling | 30 months | BMD | WB BMD: + 0.003 vs—0.020 g/cm2 in controls; spine: + 0.118 vs + 0.049 g/cm2 in controls | ↗ WB BMD whole body and spine |
| Recker et al. [116] | 1985 | Postmenopausal women | 22 | NR | 192 ml/day milk | 24 months | Ca balance | Ca balance:—0.061—>—0.017 g/day | Better Ca balance |
| Rosado et al. [117] | 2011 | Young obese women | 139 | 34 | 3 × 250 ml/day low-fat milk | 16 weeks | BMC | WB BMC: + 28 vs—2 mg in controls | ↗ WB BMC |
| Tenta et al. [119] | 2011 | Postmenopausal women | 40 | 55–65 | Milk and yogurt fortified with Ca (1200 mg/day) and Vit D (7.5–30 μg/day) | 30 months | BTM, BMD | RANKL:—0.08 vs + 0.01 pg/ml; CTX:—0.11 ng/ml by 12 months | Prevention ↘ Vit D in winter. ↘ CTX and RANKL; ↗ WB BMD |
| Thorpe et al. [120] | 2008 | Overweight men and women (30–65 years) | 130 | 46 | 1.4 g/kg BW protein through 3 servings/day of dairies | 12 months | BMD | BW at 12 months:—10.5% in both groups. WB, LS and Hip BMD 1.6, 2.1 and 1.4% higher | ↘ BMD decrease |
| Woo et al. [122] | 2007 | Women (20–35 years) | 408 | 28 | Milk powder with 1000 mg Ca, 80 μg Vit K | 24 months | BMD, BTM | Overall, small BMD increases | No difference between groups |
NR not reported, BMD bone mineral density, BMC bone mineral content, WB whole body, LS lumbar spine, FN femoral neck, Ca Calcium, BTM bone turnover markers, Oc osteocalcin