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. 2022 Jan 27;13:547. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28267-y

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic of a gold-coated fiber-optic sensor closely attached electrolyte-electrode interface of an aqueous battery for in situ detection interfacial ion concentrations and ion transport activities; b Sketch of the configuration of a plasmonic fiber-optic sensor. A tilted fiber Bragg grating (1 cm in length) imprinted in a commercial single-mode fiber (125 μm in diameter) and coated with a gold film (50 nm in thickness) for high-efficiency surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) excitation; c Experimental setup of a plasmonic fiber-optic sensing system and an electrochemical calibration system for Zn-ion battery measurement. RE: reference electrode, WE: working electrode, CE: counter electrode. The dash-dot-line inset presents the voltage of the battery (top) and corresponding optical output of the plasmonic fiber sensor (bottom) simultaneously.