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. 2022 Jan 27;12:1518. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05257-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Proposed scenario of the trans-Gondwanan expansion of the Parreysiinae MRCA (red arrow) in the Middle Jurassic (170–165 Myr). We assume that the MRCA of this subfamily migrated through freshwater systems of the African Plate and/or Arabia to an ancient landmass, containing the Indian Plate (with Greater India) and Burma Terrane. Red star indicates fossil records of the earliest African crown-group unionid mussels from Mid- to Late Jurassic deposits in Niger, i.e. †Coactunio iguallalensis, †Rostrunio lapparenti, and †Tuaregunio agadesensis¹³⁸. IP Indian Plate, BT Burma Terrane, GI Greater India, SP Sunda Plate (with the Indochina Block and Sibumasu Terrane), SL Sri Lanka, MG Madagascar. Color filling is as follows: Burma Terrane (pink), Greater India (light orange), modern land (light yellow), proposed ancient land (light green), and ocean surface (light blue). The paleo-map was reconstructed using GPlates v. 2.3 (https://www.gplates.org)²⁰⁵ and corresponding data sets^206–209. Reconstruction of the Greater India in Gondwana follows published works^47,139 with additional modifications according to our biogeographic reconstructions. (Maps: Mikhail Yu. Gofarov and Ivan N. Bolotov).