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. 2022 Jan 27;7:11. doi: 10.1038/s41536-022-00210-1

Fig. 7. TNFα couples T-lineage differentiation with IL-3-induced proliferation.

Fig. 7

a Individually, IL-3 stimulates proliferation of myeloid-biased CD34+ HSPCs while TNFα induces T-lineage differentiation by positively regulating Notch target genes. It also increases the proportion of cells responsive to IL-3 by regulating the IL-3 receptor. When combined, IL-3 provides strong proliferative signals to developing lymphocytes, leading to substantial expansion of T-lineage cells. b The positive effects of IL-3 and TNFα are on T-cell specification where cells have limited responsiveness to IL-7. Once T-lineage development is initiated, SCF and IL-7 become the drivers of proliferation, and responsiveness to IL-3 and TNFα is lost. TNFα becomes inhibitory when cells enter developmental stages associated with positive and negative selection.