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. 2022 Jan 27;12:1459. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05408-3

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Treatment with bile acids inhibits LPS-induced PKM1 and PKM2 transcription in cell cultures. The mRNA expression for (a, c) PKM2 and (b, d) PKM1, and (e) PKM2/PKM1 transcript ratio was determined by qRT-PCR in microglia and in Raw264.7 cultures. Cells were preincubated with TLCA (40 μM), TUDCA (200 μM) for 2 h followed by LPS (10 ng/ml for microglia and 50 ng/ml for Raw264.7 respectively) was added for further 24 h. The expression of 36B4 for microglia or RPS29 for Raw264.7 cells respectively was used as a housekeeping gene to normalize the data. ANOVA revealed significant treatment effects on the transcription of PKM1 in (a) microglial cells [F(5, 28) = 9,3, p < 0.001] and (d) in Raw264.7 cells, [F(7, 21) = 4.7 p < 0.01] and PKM2 (b) in microglial cells [F(5, 29) = 13.7, p < 0.001] and (e) in Raw264.7 cells [F(5, 23) = 3.7, p < 0.05] respectively. Changes of PKM2/PKM1 ratio in (c) microglial cells and (f) Raw264.7 cells were not statistically significant. Results of Dunnett’s post hoc tests are indicated as in Fig. 1 (* vs. control, # vs. LPS, n ≥ 3 independent experiments).