Table 1.
Baseline clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of knee OA study participants.
| Variables | Knee OA subjects (N = 66) |
|---|---|
| Demographics | |
| Age (range) | 68.90 ± 9.53 (52–92) |
| Gender (%) | |
| Female | 61 (92.42) |
| Male | 5 (7.58) |
| Ethnicity | |
| White | 44 (66.67) |
| Black | 6 (9.09) |
| Mixed | 11 (16.67) |
| Asian | 5 (7.58) |
| Education level (%) | |
| Illiterate | 1 (1.52) |
| Elementary | 25 (37.88) |
| High-school | 20 (30.30) |
| Superior | 20 (30.30) |
| Weight (kg) | 78.62 ± 13.03 |
| Height (m) | 1.56 ± 0.08 |
| BMI | 31.88 ± 4.65 |
| Clinical assessments | |
| Bilateral knee OA (%) | 64 (96.97) |
| Time of ongoing pain (months) | 97.39 ± 103.89 |
| Total knee arthroplasty (%) | |
| Right | 1 (1.52) |
| Left | 2 (3.03) |
| Pain—visual analogue scale | |
| Right | 5.96 ± 2.72 |
| Left | 5.35 ± 2.76 |
| Average | 5.65 ± 1.83 |
| WOMAC total score | 51.26 ± 19.01 |
| WOMAC pain | 11.03 ± 3.92 |
| WOMAC stiffness | 4.64 ± 1.92 |
| WOMAC physical function | 35.58 ± 14.34 |
| Kellgren–Lawrence classification | |
| Right (%) | |
| 1 | 17 (26.15) |
| 2 | 15 (23.08) |
| 3 | 11 (16.92) |
| 4 | 22 (33.85) |
| Mean (SD) | 2.58 ± 1.21 |
| Left | |
| 1 | 21 (32.81) |
| 2 | 15 (23.44) |
| 3 | 12 (18.75) |
| 4 | 16 (25) |
| Mean (SD) | 2.36 ± 1.19 |
| Average between right and left | 2.50 ± 1.15 |
| Pain Catastrophizing Scale | 14.18 ± 10.98 |
| HAM-L Scale | 9.36 ± 5.60 |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale | |
| Anxiety | 5.68 ± 3.93 |
| Depression | 4.46 ± 3.56 |
| Montreal Cognitive Assessment | 20.67 ± 5.05 |
| Epworth sleepiness scale | 11.00 ± 6.19 |
| Quality of life (sf-36)—total score | 52.47 ± 20.40 |
| Quantitative sensory testing | |
| Pain pressure threshold | |
| Upper limb | |
| Right | 5.36 ± 1.96 |
| Left | 5.18 ± 2.06 |
| Average | 5.27 ± 1.95 |
| Knee | |
| Right | 4.39 ± 2.55 |
| Left | 4.39 ± 2.37 |
| Average | 4.39 ± 2.42 |
| Conditioned pain modulation | |
| Right | 1.22 ± 1.18 |
| Left | 1.01 ± 1.21 |
| Average | 1.16 ± 1.04 |
| Average (% of change from baseline) | 22.48 ± 22.29 |
| Transcranial magnetic stimulation | |
| Motor threshold | |
| Right | 51.94 ± 11.10 |
| Left | 50.30 ± 10.58 |
| Average | 51.12 ± 9.86 |
| Motor evoked potential | |
| Right | 1.64 ± 1.08 |
| Left | 1.72 ± 1.44 |
| Average | 1.68 ± 1.02 |
| Cortico-silent period | |
| Right | 93.20 ± 35.51 |
| Left | 82.32 ± 32.54 |
| Average | 87.76 ± 31.64 |
| Short intracortical inhibition | |
| Right | 0.46 ± 0.32 |
| Left | 0.47 ± 0.31 |
| Average | 0.47 ± 0.26 |
| Intracortical facilitation | |
| Right | 1.59 ± 0.71 |
| Left | 1.63 ± 0.82 |
| Average | 1.61 ± 0.60 |