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. 2022 Jan 14;8:800889. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.800889

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Yuan, Fang, Hu, Zhang, Zhang and Zeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Microfluidic chips based on nanomaterials for isolation of EVs from urine. (A) Mechanism of a microfluidic chip for isolating urinary EVs using electrostatic interactions between the anchored ZnO/Al₂O₃ core-shell nanowires and EVs. Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. (70). (B) Mechanism of a microfluidic chip composed of arrays of the deterministic lateral displacement (DLD) pillars for urinary exosomes isolation. Reprinted with permission from Wunsch et al. (72).