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. 2022 Jan 14;8:800889. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.800889

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Yuan, Fang, Hu, Zhang, Zhang and Zeng.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Platforms based on immunoaffinity (IAF) magnetic nanobeads for isolation of urinary EVs. (A) Mechanism of urinary EVs isolation using nanomaterials complexes (superparamagnetic conjunction-molecular beacon [SMC-MB]) combined with prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) aptamers, superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles, and single-stranded DNAs. Reprinted with permission from Li et al. (76). (B) Mechanism of urinary EVs isolation using nanomaterials complexes (Fe₃O₄@TiO₂-CD63 aptamer) composed of CD63 aptamer and TiO₂ coated on Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles. Reprinted with permission from Zhang et al. (77). (C) Mechanism of urinary EVs isolation using a dual-function nanomagnetic beads designed with Ti (IV) and 1,2distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylethanolamine (DSPE). Reprinted with permission from Sun et al. (78).