Table 3.
Comparison of platforms based on different nanomaterials for detection of urinary EVs.
| Samples | Isolation method | Detection method | Sample volume (μL) | Identified molecules | Time cost | Limit of detection | Retrieval of EVs cargo | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine | Nanofilters (600: 20 nm) | On-disc ELISA | 1,000 | CD81/CD9 | <30 min | N/A | Elution | (65) |
| Urine | IAF capture | Immunofluorescence | 1,000 | CD81/CD63/CD9 | 87 min (isolation + detection) | N/A | Magnet release | (75) |
| Urine | IAF capture | Molecular beacon | 10,000 | PSMA | 2 h (isolation + detection) | 100 particles/μL | Magnet release and restriction enzyme | (76) |
| Urine | IAF capture | Immunofluorescence | 500 | CD81/CD63/CD9 /EpCAM |
N/A | N/A | Magnet release | (82) |
| Urine | IAF capture | NP-TRFIA | 200 | Tetraspanin and glycan |
N/A | 0.03–0.06 ng/mL | Magnet release | (83) |
| Urine | IAF capture | On-chip ELISA | 8,000 | CD63 | 200 min (isolation + detection) | 35.0 arbitrary unit/mL | N/A | (71) |
| Urine | Electrostatic effect produced by nanowires | In situ lysis of EVs and extraction of EV-encapsulated miRNAs | 1,000 | miRNAs | N/A | N/A | In situ lysis and extraction | (70) |
| Urine | Hydrophilic enrichment | Mass spectrometry (MS) | 200 | N-glycopeptides | 1 h | N/A | Elution | (81) |
EVs, extracellular vesicles; Ref, reference; ELISA, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay; N/A, not available; IAF, immunoaffinity; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; NP-TRFIA, Eu3+-doped nanoparticles with time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay; MS, mass spectrometry.