Table 2.
Changes in anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and poor sleep quality over the three waves with odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval.
| Wave 1 (n = 1,952) | Wave 2 (n = 1,831) | Wave 3 (n = 1,790) | OR (95% CI), P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wave 2-Wave 1a | Wave 3-Wave 1a | Wave 3-Wave 2b | ||||
| GAD-7 scores, mean (SD) | 3.75 (4.31) | 3.60 (4.32) | 3.56 (4.22) | 0.86 (0.65~1.13), 0.269 | 0.82 (0.62~1.10), 0.184 | 0.96 (0.72~1.29), 0.797 |
| Anxiety symptoms, yes, n (%) | 637 (32.6) | 579 (31.6) | 589 (32.9) | 1.02 (0.88~1.17), 0.803 | 0.95 (0.83~1.09), 0.507 | 1.08 (0.93~1.25), 0.312 |
| CES-D scores, mean (SD) | 13.62 (10.07) | 13.69 (10.53) | 13.44 (10.28) | 1.07 (0.55~2.09), 0.837 | 0.84 (0.42~1.70), 0.633 | 0.78 (0.38~1.63), 0.518 |
| Depressive symptoms, yes, n (%) | 554 (28.4) | 550 (30.0) | 523 (29.2) | 1.16 (0.94~1.44), 0.166 | 1.11 (0.89~1.39), 0.357 | 0.95 (0.76~1.19), 0.678 |
| PSQI scores, mean (SD) | 4.94 (2.44) | 4.66 (2.84) | 5.08 (2.91) | 0.75 (0.63~0.90), 0.001 | 1.17 (0.97~1.41), 0.108 | 1.55 (1.27~1.90), <0.001 |
| Subjective sleep quality, mean (SE) | 0.99 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.00 (0.02) | 1.03 (0.94~1.13), 0.573 | 1.02 (0.93~1.12), 0.690 | 0.99 (0.90~1.09), 0.884 |
| Sleep latency, mean (SE) | 0.74 (0.02) | 0.73 (0.02) | 0.70 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.91~1.06), 0.608 | 0.77 (0.71~0.84), <0.001 | 0.79 (0.73~0.86), <0.001 |
| Sleep duration, mean (SE) | 0.48 (0.02) | 0.56 (0.02) | 0.72 (0.02) | 1.15 (1.05~1.25), 0.002 | 1.47 (1.35~1.60), <0.001 | 1.28 (1.18~1.40), <0.001 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency, mean (SE) | 0.28 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.02) | 0.28 (0.01) | 1.02 (0.92~1.13), 0.701 | 0.99 (0.90~1.10), 0.914 | 0.97 (0.88~1.08), 0.629 |
| Sleep disturbance, mean (SE) | 0.44 (0.01) | 0.43 (0.01) | 0.67 (0.01) | 0.99 (0.87~1.12), 0.854 | 2.11 (1.86~2.38), <0.001 | 2.11 (1.86~2.40), <0.001 |
| Sleep medication use, mean (SE) | 0.02 (0.004) | 0.03 (0.005) | 0.04 (0.006) | 1.20 (0.87~1.64), 0.270 | 1.48 (1.10~1.99), 0.009 | 1.25 (0.95~1.65), 0.109 |
| Daytime dysfunction, mean (SE) | 1.03 (0.01) | 1.66 (0.02) | 1.71 (0.02) | 3.29 (2.96~3.65), 0.001 | 3.59 (3.22~4.00), <0.001 | 1.06 (0.98~1.14), 0.143 |
| Poor sleep quality, yes, n (%) | 409 (21.0) | 401 (21.9) | 466 (26.0) | 1.05 (0.91~1.23), 0.471 | 1.37 (1.17~1.60), 0.001 | 1.29 (1.11~1.51), <0.001 |
SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence interval.
a
The reference group was wave 1.
b
The reference group was wave 2.