Table 3.
Prospective associations of poor sleep quality with anxiety symptoms and depressive symptoms.
| Anxiety symptoms (GAD-7 scores) | Depressive symptoms (CES-D scores) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| Unstandardized β | P | Unstandardized β | P | Unstandardized β | P | Unstandardized β | P | |
| estimate (95% CI) | estimate (95% CI) | estimate (95% CI) | estimate (95% CI) | |||||
| Time | ||||||||
| Wave 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
| Wave 2 | 0.22 (−0.30~0.74) | 0.626 | 0.24 (−0.27~0.75) | 0.356 | 0.35 (−0.79~1.49) | 0.550 | 0.13 (−0.97~1.23) | 0.817 |
| Wave 3 | −0.14 (−0.68~0.41) | 0.402 | −0.04 (−0.59~0.50) | 0.883 | −0.08 (−1.28~1.13) | 0.901 | −0.24 (−1.44~0.96) | 0.696 |
| Interaction | ||||||||
| Poor sleep quality × Wave 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | ||||
| Poor sleep quality × Wave 2 | −0.03 (−0.15~0.10) | 0.684 | −0.05 (−0.17~0.07) | 0.410 | 0.09 (−0.18~0.35) | 0.520 | 0.06 (-0.19~0.30) | 0.641 |
| Poor sleep quality × Wave 3 | −0.03 (−0.15~0.09) | 0.633 | −0.03 (−0.15~0.09) | 0.624 | −0.05 (−0.31~0.21) | 0.695 | −0.05 (-0.29~0.20) | 0.718 |
| PSQI scores (1-score increase) | 0.79 (0.69~0.89) | <0.001 | 0.69 (0.59~0.79) | <0.001 | 1.95 (1.75~2.16) | <0.001 | 1.61 (1.42~1.80) | <0.001 |
| Subjective sleep quality (1-score increase) | 1.14 (0.97~1.34) | 0.120 | 1.17 (1.01–1.37) | 0.043 | 1.22 (0.82–1.81) | 0.328 | 1.32 (0.92–1.89) | 0.130 |
| Sleep latency (1-score increase) | 0.99 (0.87~1.12) | 0.842 | 1.04 (0.92–1.18) | 0.498 | 0.98 (0.72–1.34) | 0.895 | 1.14 (0.86–1.51) | 0.364 |
| Sleep duration (1-score increase) | 1.06 (0.91–1.22) | 0.458 | 1.09 (0.95–1.26) | 0.205 | 0.92 (0.65–1.31) | 0.650 | 1.00 (0.73–1.38) | 0.994 |
| Habitual sleep efficiency (1-score increase) | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | 0.152 | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | 0.134 | 0.80 (0.52–1.23) | 0.299 | 0.83 (0.56–1.23) | 0.351 |
| Sleep disturbance (1-score increase) | 1.12 (0.90–1.38) | 0.310 | 1.07 (0.88–1.31) | 0.485 | 1.15 (0.69–1.92) | 0.602 | 1.01 (0.64–1.62) | 0.952 |
| Sleep medication use (1-score increase) | 1.16 (0.71–1.90) | 0.555 | 0.98 (0.61–1.57) | 0.919 | 1.37 (0.42–4.53) | 0.601 | 1.12 (0.37–3.38) | 0.839 |
| Daytime dysfunction (1-score increase) | 1.01 (0.88–1.16) | 0.865 | 0.99 (0.87–1.13) | 0.921 | 1.00 (0.72–1.40) | 0.989 | 0.95 (0.70–1.29) | 0.743 |
Model 1: The unadjusted generalized linear mixed models.
Model 2: The generalized linear mixed models adjusted for age, sex, living arrangement, family relations, student-teacher relations, ever smoking, and ever drinking.