Comparison 3. Low‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets versus balanced‐carbohydrate weight‐reducing diets in overweight and obese participants with T2DM (weight‐reducing phase only).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3.1 Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months	14	1114	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.26 [‐2.44, ‐0.09]
3.2 Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months: sensitivity analysis overall risk of bias	3		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.2.1 Some concerns	3	420	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.11 [‐3.45, 1.22]
3.3 Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months: sensitivity analysis attrition domain	3		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.3.1 Low attrition	3	420	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.11 [‐3.45, 1.22]
3.4 Change in body weight (kg) at 3 to < 12 months: sensitivity analysis source of funding	6		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.4.1 Without food/diet industry funding	6	740	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐1.22 [‐3.04, 0.60]
3.5 Change in body weight (kg) at ≥ 12 months	7	813	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.33 [‐2.13, 1.46]
3.6 Change in body weight (kg) at ≥ 12 months: sensitivity analysis source of funding	5		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Subtotals only
3.6.1 Without diet/food industry funding	5	625	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.27 [‐2.92, 2.38]
3.7 Weight loss of at least 5% at 3 to < 12 months	1	45	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.01 [0.77, 1.33]
3.8 Weight loss of at least 5% at ≥ 12 months	2	106	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	0.90 [0.68, 1.20]
3.9 Change in BMI (kg/m2) at 3 to < 12 months	11		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
3.10 Change in BMI (kg/m2) at ≥ 12 months	4	329	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.29 [‐1.06, 0.48]
3.11 Change in DBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months	6	631	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.28 [‐1.84, 1.28]
3.12 Change in SBP (mmHg) at ≥ 12 months	6	629	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.32 [‐2.30, 2.93]
3.13 Change in HbA1c (%) at ≥ 12 months	6	668	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.14 [‐0.38, 0.10]
3.14 Change in LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months	7	753	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.12 [‐0.03, 0.26]
3.15 Change in HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months	7		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
3.16 Change in non‐HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months	2	159	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.09 [‐0.39, 0.58]
3.17 Change in total cholesterol (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months	7	838	Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.21 [0.06, 0.37]
3.18 Change in triglycerides (mmol/L) at ≥ 12 months	7		Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	Totals not selected
3.19 Constipation at 3 to < 12 months	2	177	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.37 [0.86, 2.18]
3.20 Constipation at ≥ 12 months	1	78	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.71 [0.11, 64.65]
3.21 Diarrhoea 3 to < 12 months	1	84	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.07 [0.62, 1.84]
3.22 Heartburn symptoms (participant‐reported) at 3 to < 12 months	1	33	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.30 [‐0.66, 0.06]
3.23 Appetite change (participant‐reported) at 3 to < 12 months	1	33	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.70 [‐3.03, 1.63]
3.24 Headaches at 3 to < 12 months	1	84	Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)	1.15 [0.75, 1.78]
3.25 Depressive symptoms (participant‐reported) at 3 to <12 months	1	33	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐0.20 [‐9.20, 8.80]