Table 3.

The effect of fiscal consolidation on social expenditure

	Dynamic Panel Estimation SGMM
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
${\mathit{Sexp}}_{it-1}$	0.800*** (0.180)	0.756*** (0.189)	0.843*** (0.136)	0.897*** (0.079)	0.881** (0.094)	0.882*** (0.086)
${\mathit{fa}}_{\mathit{it}}$	−0.13*** (0.048)	−0.160*** (0.043)	−0.152*** (0.041)	−0.156*** (0.047)	−0.158*** (0.047)	−0.158*** (0.047)
${\mathit{gdpg}}_{\mathit{it}}$		−0.046** (0.022)	−0.043* (0.023)	−0.041* (0.023)	−0.043** (0.020)	−0.045** (0.021)
${\mathit{corrp}}_{\mathit{it}}$			−0.028 (0.271)	−0.041 (0.267)	−0.160 (0.220)	−0.169 (0.230)
${\mathit{debt}}_{\mathit{it}}$				−0.011* (0.006)	−0.015** (0.007)	−0.015** (0.007)
${\mathit{eldy}}_{\mathit{it}}$					0.031 (0.026)	0.043 (0.035)
${\mathit{young}}_{\mathit{it}}$						0.011 (0.022)
N	230	229	207	207	207	207
groups	23	23	23	23	23	23
N-instr	6	11	15	19	15	21
AR(1)	0.050	0.048	0.047	0.031	0.035	0.034
AR(2)	0.128	0.103	0.159	0.133	0.135	0.134
Hansen	0.2016	0.146	0.296	0.473	0.432	0.442

Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Regressions are based on the Blundell-Bond estimator. Starting from the most parsimonious specification (column 1), we progressively introduce GDP growth, corruption, public debt, eldy and young population in columns (2)–(6). Significance level at which the null hypothesis is rejected: p < 0.1*; p < 0.05**; p < 0.01***