Table 3.

Characteristics of included measures.

Self-report scales
Measure, country of origin (reference to first article)	Acronym	Studies included	Construct(s) primary (secondary)	Age range in years unless specified	Target population	Recall period	(Sub)scale (s) (number of items)	Completion time	Training time	Response options	Range of scores/scoring	Original language	Available translations
Adolescent paediatric Pain Tool, U.S. (Savedra et al. ) 41	APPT	Fernandes et al. 42 ; Özalp Gerçeker et al., 2018 43 ; Madi and Badr, 44	Pain – postoperative	I: 8–17 S: 7–18 43 8–1742,44	Surgery, Post-operative pain	Current or most recent pain	3 (3)	3.2–6.4 minutes	n.r.	43 body segments; 5 words- Word Graphic Rating Scale; 56–67 pain descriptors	(1) Any location on the body outline; (2) no pain to worst possible pain; (3) 0–67 pain descriptors	English	Spanish, Portuguese, Turkish, Arabic
Children’s Procedural Interview, U.S. (Pfefferbaum et al. ) 45	CPI	Pfefferbaum et al. 45	Pain – procedural, anxiety	I: 3–15 S: 9–15.9	Cancer; Procedural pain	<30 minutes	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	n.r.	Semi-structured with open answers	English/ Spanish	n.r.
The DOLLS tool, Lebanon (Badr Zahr et al. ) 46	DOLLS	Zahr et al. 46	Pain – procedural	I: 4–10 S: <1 (11 months), 4–10	Cancer; Procedural pain	0	1 (1)	n.r.	n.r.	6 fabric dolls	6 ordinal dolls	Arabic	n.r.
Faces scales, U.S. (LeBaron and Zeltzer,) 47	FACES	LeBaron and Zeltzer 47 ; Pfefferbaum et al. 45	Pain – acute, anxiety	I: 6–18 S: 2–6	Cancer; Procedural pain (BMA, LP)	0	1 (1)	n.r.	1 month	5 faces (image)	1–5	English	n.r.
Faces Pain Scale – Revised, Canada (Hicks et al. ) 48 Faces Pain Scale (Bieri et al. ) 49	FPS-R	Hicks et al. 48 ; Miro and Huguet 50 ; da Silva et al. 51	Pain	4–12	Unspecified diseases	n.r.	1 (1)	n.r.	n.r.	6 faces (image)	0–10	English	Arabic, Bulgarian, Chinese, Dutch, French, German, Hebrew, Italian, Persian (Farsi), Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish and Thai
Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale for children aged 7–12 years, Australia (Collins et al. ) 52	MSAS 7–12	Collins et al. 52	Symptoms	7–12	Cancer	n.r.	1 (8)	5.8 minutes	0	Yes/No, 3-point scales, 4-point scales	Yes/No, 1–3, 0–3	English	n.r.
Poker Chip Tool/Pieces of Hurt U.S. (Hester et al. ) 53	PCT	West et al. 54	Pain – procedural	I: 4.6–6.7	Healthy, PICU	0	1 (1)	n.r.	n.r.	4 poker chips	0–4	English	n.r.
Pain Squad, Canada (Stinson) 55	n.r.	Stinson 55 ; Stinson et al. 56	Pain – unspecified	9–18	Cancer	n.r.	1 (20)	n.r..	n.r.	Visual analogue slider scale, selectable body-map, multiple-choice question, a free-text question.	1) 0–10 2) pain locations (e.g. left, right) 3) multiple choices 4) open answer	English	n.r.
Pain Interference Index, Sweden (Wicksell et al. ) 57	PII	Martin et al. 58	Pain interference – longstanding pain	I: 10–18 S: 6–25	Pain syndrome	2 weeks	1 (6)	1–2 minutes	n.r.	7–point scale	0–6	Swedish	English
Rainbow Pain Scale, Canada (Mahon et al. ) 59	RPS	Mahon et al. 59	Ongoing Pain	5–10	Cancer or haematological diseases	n.r.	1 (5)	n.r.	n.r.	24 colours	A box of 24 standard colours provided by Crayola	English	n.r.
Symptom Screening in paediatrics Tool (self-report), Canada (Dupuis et al. ) 60	SSPedi	Dupuis et al. 60	Symptoms	8–18	Cancer or hematopoietic stem aaaaaaaaa transplant (HSCT) recipients	n.r.	1 (15)	n.r.	n.r.	5–point scale	0 (no bother)–4 (worst bother)	English	n.r.
Wong-Baker FACES pain rating scale, U.S. (Wong and Baker) 61	WBS	Wong and Baker 61 ; West et al. 54 ; Holdsworth et al. 62 ; Wiener et al. 63	Pain – unspecified	I: 3–18 S: 5–13 54 7–21 63	Hospitalised children	n.r.	1 (1)	n.r.	n.r.	6 one-dimensional faces	0–5	English	n.r.
Oral Mucositis Daily Questionnaire, U.S. (Stiff et al. ) 64	OMDQ	Tomlinson et al. 65 ; Manji et al. 40	Pain and daily functioning	I: >18 S: 1–11	Cancer	0	3 (10)	n.r..	n.r.	5-point scale, 11-point scale	0–4, 0–10	English	n.r.
Observational scales
Measure, country of origin (reference to first article)	Acronym	Studies included	Construct(s) Primary (Secondary)	Age range in years unless specified	Target population	Mode of administration i.e. reported by parent/ nurse/ doctor/ researcher	Recall period	(Sub)scale (s) (number of items)	Completion time	Training time	Response options	Range of scores /scoring	Original language	Available translations
COMFORT Scale, U.S. (Ambuel et al. ) 66	COMFORT	Ambuel et al. 66 ; van Dijk et al., 2000 67 ; Van Dijk et al. 68	Distress (Pain – postoperative)	I: n.r. S: 0–3 (van Dijk et al., 2000); 0–368	PICU, postoperative pain	Parent	0–2 minutes	8 (40)	2 minutes	2 hours	5-point scale	1–5	English	n.r.
Douleur Enfant Gustave Roussy Scale/The Gustave Roussy Child Pain Scale and revised version, France (Gauvain-Piquard et al. ) 69	DEGR	Gauvain-Piquard et al. 69 ; Gauvain-Piquard et al. 70 ; Marec-Berard et al. 71	Pain – acute (depression, anxiety)	I: 2–6 S: 2–6	Cancer	Nurse or researcher	n.r.	3 (17)	5–10 min	2–3 hrs	5-point scales, with 5 respective descriptions of increasing severity with reference to a provided definition of the item.	0–4	French	n.r.
The Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability pain assessment tool, U.S. (Merkel et al. ) 72	FLACC	Merkel et al. 72 ; Manworren and Hynan 73 ; Da Silva et al. 51	Pain	n.r.	Surgery	Researcher	n.r.	1(5)	5 minutes	n.r.	3-point scale	0–2	English	Portuguese
Hétéro-Évaluation de la Douleur de l’Enfant, France (Marec-Berard et al. ) 71	HEDEN	Marec-Berard et al. 71	Pain – prolonged	2–6	Cancer	Nurse	n.r.	3 (6)	4.42 (5.9) min	n.r.	3-point scale	0–2	French	n.r.
Modified Infant Pain Scale, U.S. (Buchholz et al. ) 74	MIPS	Buchholz et al. 74	Pain – postoperative	4–30 weeks	Surgery	Nurse	0	1(13)	n.r.	2 hours	3-point scale	0–2	English	n.r.
Objective Pain Scale, U.S., (West et al. ) 54	OPS	West et al. 54	Pain	5–13	Cancer	Parent and nurse	0	1 (5)	n.r.	n.r.	3-point scale	0–2	English	n.r.
Procedure Behaviour Check List, U.S., (LeBaron and Zeltzer) 47	PBCL	LeBaron and Zeltzer) 47 ; Pfefferbaum et al. 45	Pain – acute, anxiety	6–17	Cancer; Procedural pain (BMA, LP)	Unspecified	0	1 (8) repeated for three time periods	Time 1: 4–6 minutes, Time 2: 2–3 minutes, Time 3: 2–4 minutes	1 month	5-point scales, with provided definitions of each behavioural category	1–5	English	n.r.
Pain Interference Index- Parent, U.S. (Martin et al. ) 58	PII-P	Martin et al. 58	Pain interference – chronic pain	6–25	Neurofibromatosis type 1 or Cancer	Parent	n.r.	1 (6)	1–2 minutes	n.r.	7-point scale	0–6	English	n.r.
Paediatric Pain Profile, U.K. (Hunt et al. ) 75	PPP	Hunt et al. 75 ; Hunt et al. 76 ; Pasin et al. 77	Pain	1–18	Neurological and cognitive impairments, unable to communicate through speech or any augmentative device	Parent	Retrospective	1 (20)	n.r.	n.r.	4-point ordinal scale	0–3	English	Portuguese
Symptom Screening in paediatrics Tool (proxy-report), Canada (Dupuis et al. ) 60	SSPedi	Dupuis et al., 60 Hyslop et al. 78	Symptoms	8–18	Cancer or hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients	n.r.	1 (15)	n.r.	n.r.	5-point scale	0 (no bother)–4 (worst bother)	English	n.r.	English

I: intended population where tool was first published; S: populations reported in subsequent studies where tool was validated; PICU: paediatric intensive care unit; n.r.- not reported; APPT: Adolescent Paediatric Pain Tool; CPI: Children’s Procedural Interview; DEGR scale: Douleur Enfant Gustave Roussy; FPS-R: Faces Pain Scale-Revised; FLACC scale: Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale; HEDEN scale: Hétero Evaluation Douleur Enfant scale; MIPS: Modified Infant Pain Scale; MSAS: Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale; OMDQ: Oral Mucositis Daily Questionnaire; OPS: Objective Pain Scale; PBCL: Pain Behaviour Check List; PCT: Poker Chip Tool; PII: Pain Interference Index; PII-P: Pain Interference Index-Parent; PPP: Paediatric Pain Profile; r: Pearson product moment correlation coefficient; RPS: Rainbow Pain Scale; SSPedi: Symptom Screening in Paediatrics; WBS: Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale; U.K.: United Kingdom; U.S. : United States; NF-1: neurofibromatosis type 1.