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Indirect effects of local anesthetics Schematic representation of indirect effects induced by local anesthetics on cancer cells and immune effectors: inhibition of inflammation, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation and migration, surgical stress control, reduction of neoangiogenesis, preservation of immunity and clinical effects. IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NK, natural killer cell; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.
