Table 3.
Changes in muscle strength among the groups
| Change from baseline | Post-intervention (Week 2) | Follow-up (Week 4) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-intervention | Follow-up | Group effect | Group effect | ||||||
| (Week 2) | (Week 4) | F-value | P-value | F-value | P-value | ||||
| Affected side | |||||||||
| Lower limb extension torque, Nm/kg, mean (SD) | BEAR | 0.2 | (0.2)† | 0.2 | (0.1)† | 0.13 | 0.878 | 0.14 | 0.873 |
| IBT | 0.2 | (0.6) | 0.1 | (0.2) | |||||
| CR | 0.1 | (0.2)† | 0.1 | (0.2)† | |||||
| Hip flexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 19.7 | (35.6) | 3.3 | (33.9) | 2.36 | 0.105 | 0.17 | 0.840 |
| IBT | − 6.2 | (71.9) | 19.2 | (25.1) | |||||
| CR | 0.9 | (30.1) | − 3.3 | (44.6) | |||||
| Hip abduction, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 13.6 | (35.1) | 4.9 | (36.8) | 0.82 | 0.444 | 0.04 | 0.964 |
| IBT | 2.8 | (37.3) | 8.1 | (31.3) | |||||
| CR | − 0.7 | (24.5) | 3.7 | (24.3) | |||||
| Knee extension, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 21.0 | (52.4) | 24.0 | (45.0) | 2.29 | 0.112 | 0.29 | 0.751 |
| IBT | 14.4 | (44.9) | 13.6 | (41.0) | |||||
| CR | − 24.4 | (55.3) | 9.6 | (63.3) | |||||
| Knee flexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 26.0 | (56.9) | 6.1 | (35.1) | 0.86 | 0.429 | 0.80 | 0.457 |
| IBT | 5.9 | (40.0) | 2.1 | (18.2) | |||||
| CR | 4.7 | (17.4) | 5.8 | (20.8) | |||||
| Ankle plantarflexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 6.6 | (63.0) | − 6.7 | (54.1) | 0.00 | 0.999 | 2.21 | 0.122 |
| IBT | 26.5 | (43.6) | 47.1 | (67.9)† | |||||
| CR | 6.8 | (78.8) | 6.2 | (58.8) | |||||
| Ankle dorsiflexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 6.5 | (33.0) | 11.8 | (38.6) | 0.42 | 0.661 | 0.41 | 0.666 |
| IBT | 9.1 | (27.4) | 10.1 | (13.2) | |||||
| CR | − 1.0 | (27.6) | 3.7 | (25.0) | |||||
| Non-affected side | |||||||||
| Lower limb extension torque, Nm/kg, mean (SD) | BEAR | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.1)† | 0.65 | 0.529 | 1.14 | 0.328 |
| IBT | 0.1 | (0.2) | 0.1 | (0.2) | |||||
| CR | 0.1 | (0.1) | 0.3 | (0.6) | |||||
| Hip flexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | − 3.3 | (74.6) | − 23.8 | (72.7) | 0.46 | 0.635 | 1.25 | 0.297 |
| IBT | − 5.1 | (68.5) | 1.6 | (27.7) | |||||
| CR | − 12.6 | (33.3) | − 2.1 | (40.4) | |||||
| Hip abduction, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 22.4 | (42.1) | − 3.2 | (41.2) | 1.23 | 0.300 | 0.51 | 0.604 |
| IBT | 12.9 | (41.1) | 6.4 | (38.5) | |||||
| CR | − 6.8 | (37.8) | − 1.7 | (28.6) | |||||
| Knee extension, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | − 7.3 | (73.3) | 2.7 | (64.3) | 2.94 | 0.062 | 0.07 | 0.928 |
| IBT | 21.4 | (62.9) | 9.7 | (67.1) | |||||
| CR | − 42.3 | (59.8)† | − 2.3 | (47.7)‡ | |||||
| Knee flexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 11.5 | (32.2) | 10.3 | (32.6) | 2.02 | 0.143 | 0.85 | 0.434 |
| IBT | − 6.8 | (37.0) | 10.3 | (37.2) | |||||
| CR | − 9.2 | (24.4) | 10.3 | (25.0)‡ | |||||
| Ankle plantarflexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | − 3.5 | (75.3) | − 8.4 | (64.5) | 0.79 | 0.458 | 1.01 | 0.371 |
| IBT | 36.0 | (59.8) | 21.6 | (82.5) | |||||
| CR | 3.8 | (70.5) | 20.1 | (58.3) | |||||
| Ankle dorsiflexion, N, mean (SD) | BEAR | 13.7 | (35.3) | 2.9 | (28.6) | 0.84 | 0.439 | 0.95 | 0.393 |
| IBT | 1.0 | (40.2) | 16.6 | (29.6) | |||||
| CR | − 5.0 | (35.0) | − 3.0 | (32.9) | |||||
BEAR Balance Exercise Assist Robot; CR conventional rehabilitation; IBT intensive balance training; SD standard deviation
Significant within-group difference from the baseline† and from 2 weeks‡