Table 4.
Changes in other secondary outcomes among the groups
| Change from baseline | Post-intervention (Week 2) | Follow-up (Week 4) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Post-intervention | Follow-up | Group effect | Post-hoc test * | Group effect | |||||||
| (Week 2) | (Week 4) | F-value | P-value | vs. IBT | vs CR | F-value | P-value | ||||
| SIAS lower limb motor score, mean (SD) | BEAR | 0.9 | (1.4)† | 0.8 | (1.4) | 0.46 | 0.634 | 0.09 | 0.912 | ||
| IBT | 0.6 | (1.9) | 0.9 | (2.0) | |||||||
| CR | 0.1 | (0.9) | 0.3 | (1.1) | |||||||
| Maximum COP movement, left–right, cm, mean (SD) | BEAR | 3.2 | (5.7)† | 3.2 | (5.2)† | 0.62 | 0.543 | 0.19 | 0.825 | ||
| IBT | 1.9 | (4.7) | 2.2 | (4.6) | |||||||
| CR | 0.1 | (5.7) | 1.4 | (6.4) | |||||||
| Maximum COP movement, anterior-to-posterior, cm, mean (SD) | BEAR | 0.7 | (2.6) | 1.1 | (2.6) | 0.12 | 0.889 | 0.04 | 0.963 | ||
| IBT | 0.9 | (2.4) | 1.1 | (3.0) | |||||||
| CR | 0.1 | (3.6) | 0.7 | (3.5) | |||||||
| Functional Ambulation Category, mean (SD) | BEAR | 0.7 | (0.8)† | 0.7 | (0.6)† | 0.47 | 0.629 | 2.20 | 0.123 | ||
| IBT | 0.5 | (0.6)† | 0.8 | (0.7)† | |||||||
| CR | 0.4 | (0.6)† | 0.9 | (0.8)†‡ | |||||||
| Timed Up and Go test, sec, mean (SD) | BEAR | − 4.2 | (6.0)† | − 4.5 | (6.5)† | 4.07 | 0.023 | 0.216 | 0.022 | 1.84 | 0.171 |
| IBT | − 2.2 | (3.5)† | − 2.6 | (3.8)† | 0.999 | ||||||
| CR | − 0.9 | (2.3) | − 1.7 | (3.7) | |||||||
| Falls Efficacy Scale-International, mean (SD) | BEAR | − 0.9 | (10.2) | − 3.8 | (7.1) | 0.46 | 0.636 | 0.12 | 0.890 | ||
| IBT | − 3.4 | (9.5) | − 4.1 | (8.5) | |||||||
| CR | − 0.7 | (5.2) | − 2.4 | (6.2) | |||||||
| FIM, motor score, mean (SD) | BEAR | 9.8 | (8.6)† | 13.4 | (9.3)† | 2.07 | 0.136 | 1.71 | 0.193 | ||
| IBT | 9.4 | (7.8)† | 9.3 | (9.2)† | |||||||
| CR | 3.6 | (3.9)† | 9.2 | (6.7)†‡ | |||||||
| FIM, cognition score, mean (SD) | BEAR | 1.1 | (2.3) | 1.1 | (2.1)† | 0.34 | 0.717 | 0.52 | 0.598 | ||
| IBT | 0.9 | (2.2) | 1.3 | (2.9)† | |||||||
| CR | 0.6 | (1.3) | 1.1 | (1.9)† | |||||||
| FIM, total score, mean (SD) | BEAR | 10.9 | (9.4)† | 14.5 | (9.3)† | 2.37 | 0.104 | 1.82 | 0.174 | ||
| IBT | 10.3 | (8.2)† | 15.0 | (11.2)† | |||||||
| CR | 4.2 | (4.7)† | 10.3 | (7.4)†‡ | |||||||
BEAR Balance Exercise Assist Robot; COP center of pressure; CR conventional rehabilitation; FIM Functional Independence Measure; IBT intensive balance training; SD standard deviation; SIAS Stroke Impairment Assessment Set
Significant within-group difference from baseline† and from 2 weeks‡. *When statistically significant between-group differences were found (P < 0.05), multiple comparisons were performed between all the groups using the Bonferroni correction method