Table 2.

Summary of adsorbents with mycotoxins mitigation effects^a

Adsorbent	Mycotoxins	Binding efficiency	Reference
Zeolite	AFB1	Decreased AFB1 residue in duck meat by 65% significantly and numerically decreased AFB1 residue in liver and egg.	[64]
Bentonite clay	AFB1	Decreased liver AFB1 residue by 41-87% when broilers fed AFB1 in diet.	[65]
Sodium bentonite	AFB1	Decreased liver AFB1 residue by 62.5% when broilers fed AFB1 in diet.	[66]
Modified maifanite	ZEN	Decreased ZEN residue in liver and muscle by 54.96% and 42.41% respectively at the dose of 1% when pig fed 1.11 mg/kg AFB1 in diet.	[67]
Bentonite or montmorillonite	AFB1, ZEN	Decreased rumen concentration of AFB1 and ZEN, decreased AFM1 in milk and ZEN in feces.	[68]
Organo-clay composites	AFB1	Decreased AFB1 concentrations in liver, kidney and plasma significantly in chickens.	[69]
Tri-octahedral bentonite	DON, ZEN	Adsorbed more than 90% of ZEN and FB1 while the adsorption dose up to 0.20%, w/v.	[70]
Pillared montmorillonite	DON	Adsorbed 14.7-23.4% and 21.8-27.4% of DON at at pH 2.0 and pH 6.8.	[71]
Nonionic surfactant octylphenol polyoxyethylene ether modified montmorillonites	AFB1, ZEN	The adsorption capacities of modified montmorillonites to AFB1 and ZEN increased up to 2.78 and 8.54 mg/g respectively from 0.51 and 0.00 mg/g by the raw montmorillonite.	[72]
Hydrated sodium calcium alumino silicate	AFB1, FB1	Adsorbed AFB1and FB1 in an aqueous solution, and the adsorption ratio ranged from 95.3% to 99.1% and 84.7% to 92.4%, respectively.	[73]
Modified Hydrated sodium calcium alumino silicate	DON	Reduced the toxicity of DON in weaning piglets.	[16]
Esterified glucomannan	AFs, ZEN, DON	Adsorbed 95%, 80% and 12% of aflatoxin, ZEN and DON.	[73, 74]
Inactivated yeast cell wall and low Yeast fermenting volatile organic compound	AFs, DON	Decreased AFs and DON synthesis by 82% and 93% respectively.	[75]
Distillers' wet grain, distillers' dried grains and distillers' dried grain with solubles	DON, ZEN	Adsorbed 48.9% and 67.9% of DON and ZEN (1 ppm each) using 5 g/L of micronized (20 mkm) yeast mass at 37 °C for 1h.	[76]
Yeast cell wall extract	ZEN	Adsorbed 40% of the total ZEN content in the intestines in monogastric animals.	[77, 78]
Activated charcoal	AFB1, ZEN	Reduced the toxicity of AFB1 on broilers and decreased the absorption rate of ZEN in small intestine from 32% to 5% when adding 2%.	[79, 80]
Cholestyramine	ZEN	Decreased the absorption rate of ZEN in small intestine from 32% to 16%.	[80]
Magnetic carbon nanocomposites	AFB1	Adsorbed nearly 90% of AFB1 within 180 min at pH 7.0.	[81]
Cross-lined chitosan polymers	AFB1, ZEN, FB1, DON	Adsorbed 73% AFB1, 94% ZEN and 99% FB1, but the adsorption ratio of DON less than 30%.	[82]
Polyvinylpyrrolidone	ZEN	Adsorbed 2.1 mg/g of ZEN.	[83]
Lactobacillus casei	AFB1	Reduced the absorption of aflatoxin in the intestinal tract significantly.	[84]
Lactobacillus plantarum F22	AFB1	Adsorbed 56.8% of AFB1.	[85]
Lactobacillus plantarum B7	FB1	Adsorbed 52.9% of FB1.	[86]
Lactobacillus pentosus X8	FB1	Adsorbed 58% of FB1.	[86]

^aAFs Aflatoxins, AFB₁ Aflatoxin B₁, DON deoxynivalenol, ZEN: zearalenone; FB₁: fumonisin B₁