Table 6.

Nutritional strategies to mitigate mycotoxins toxicity^a

Mycotoxins	Nutritional strategies	Mechanisms	Reference
AFB1	Selenium, vitamins C, vitamins E, vitamin B1, carotenoids, silymarin, curcumin, butylated hydroxytoluene, alpha lipoic acid, quercetin, resveratrol, rhamnoides oil	Mainly by improving antioxidant capacity and detoxification enzyme activities to alleviate the harm of AFB1 to livestock and poultry	[11, 178–188]
DON	Selenium, vitamins C, vitamins E, silymarin, curcumin, functional amino acid (methionine, glutamic acid, arginine, aspartate and lysine), antimicrobial peptide, astragalus	Primarily through enhancement of antioxidant capacity and immune functions to improve the resistance to DON in livestock and poultry.	[179, 180, 189–194]
ZEN	Retinol, as-corbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, silymarin, soybean isoflavone	Alleviated the toxic effects of ZEN by improving the antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the estrogenic toxicity of ZEN.	[17, 190, 195]
FB1	Vitamin E, silymarin, curcumin, soybean isoflavone	Mainly via counteracting the oxidative stress caused by FB1 to livestock.	[180, 196, 197]

^aAFB₁ Aflatoxin B₁, DON deoxynivalenol, ZEN zearalenone, FB₁ fumonisin B₁