Fig. 5.

Glycolysis regulates PMNs’ chemotaxis and phagocytosis functions during sepsis. PMNs were treated with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 4 h or 8 h to build LPS-activated and LPS-tolerant models. a–e Hexokinase2 (HK2), hexokinase3 (HK3), M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) expression levels were measured by western blot. Neutrophils were pretreated with 100 μM insulin or 1 mM 2-DG for 30 min and then incubated with LPS for 4 h or 8 h. f L-lactate concentrations in untreated PMNs and those stimulated with LPS for 4 h and between PMNs pretreated with 100 μM insulin or 1 mM 2-DG for 30 min before incubation and those subjected to LPS for 8 h. g PMN chemotaxis. h PMN phagocytosis. Images are representative of three independent experiments. One-way ANOVA with Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA tests were performed. Error bars represent SD. Data are means ± SD of at least three independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01