Table 1. Values of Binding Energies and Percentages of Different Groups for Nanocomposites and Hydrogels Obtained from XPS Measurements.
| sample | C 1s emission | max. binding energy (eV) | composition (%) | C/O | C sp2/C sp3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GO12 | C=C | 284.6 | 44 ± 3 | 2.3 | 0.8 |
| C–O | 286.1 | 38 ± 2 | |||
| COOH | 287.9 | 18 ± 1 | |||
| GO12PANIa | C=C | 284.6 | 64 ± 4 | 14.3 | 1.8 |
| C–N | 285.6 | 20 ± 1 | |||
| C–O | 286.7 | 12 ± 1 | |||
| COOH | 288.0 | 4.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| GO12PANIK | C=C | 284.6 | 63 ± 4 | 12.5 | 1.7 |
| C–N | 285.6 | 27 ± 1 | |||
| C–O | 286.7 | 4.9 ± 0.5 | |||
| COOH | 288.0 | 5.1 ± 0.2 | |||
| GO24 | C=C | 284.8 | 60 ± 2 | 0.9 | 1.5 |
| C–O | 286.4 | 28 ± 2 | |||
| COOH | 288.4 | 12 ± 1 | |||
| GO24H | C=C | 284.8 | 51 ± 2 | 6.6 | 1.1 |
| C–O | 286.4 | 40 ± 2 | |||
| COOH | 288.4 | 9 ± 1 | |||
| GO24FH73 | C=C | 284.5 | 53 ± 4 | 3.7 | 1.1 |
| C–O | 285.7 | 28 ± 1 | |||
| COOH – | 288.0 | 12 ± 1 | |||
| CO3– | 290.4 | 7.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| GO24FH55 | C = C | 284.5 | 55 ± 4 | 4.2 | 1.2 |
| C–O | 286.0 | 23 ± 1 | |||
| COOH | 288 | 7 ± 1 | |||
| CO3– | 290.8 | 15.0 ± 0.2 | |||
| GO24FH55CPy | C = C | 284.6 | 55 ± 4 | 4.1 | 1.2 |
| C–O | 285.6 | 29 ± 1 | |||
| COOH | 288 | 7.3 ± 0.8 | |||
| CO3– | 290.8 | 8.7 ± 0.2 | |||
| GO24FH37 | C = C | 284.5 | 55 ± 4 | 4.5 | 1.2 |
| C–O | 285.7 | 29 ± 1 | |||
| COOH | 288 | 9.8 ± 0.5 | |||
| CO3– | 290.4 | 6.2 ± 0.2 | |||
| Carbon Fibers (ACF) | C=C– | 284.5 | 67 ± 4 | 10.3 | 2.1 |
| C–O | 286.0 | 17 ± 1 | |||
| COOH | 288 | 9 ± 1 | |||
| CO3– | 290 | 7.0 ± 0.5 |
a
Data taken from ref (32).