TABLE 3.
Sleep characteristics reported by the included studies.
| Citation | Self-reported Sleep duration (h) |
PSQI (total score) | Other sleep parameters | ||
| Achab et al. (2011) | All: 7.1 ± 1.3 DAS+: 6.8 ± 1.4 DAS−: 7.2 ± 1.3 |
nr | Restful sleep (% No) | Sleep deprivation due to gaming (% Yes) | Daytime sleepiness (% Yes) |
|
p = 0.043 |
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| OR 0.78, p = 0.004 b | All: 19.1 DAS+: 53.5 DAS−: 46.5 p < 0.001 OR 0.23, p < 0.001 b |
All: 36.8 DAS+: 40.9 DAS−: 59.1 p < 0.001 OR 2.83, p < 0.001 b |
All: 22.7 DAS+: 48.0 DAS−: 52.0 p < 0.001 OR: 3.10, p < 0.001 b |
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| Akçay and Akçay (2020) | All: 7.5 ± 0.9 Stratified by gaming frequency: |
All: 8.5 ± 2.7 Stratified by gaming frequency: |
ESS | Bedtime | Wake-up time |
| Not playingc: 7.2 ± 0.9 | Not playing c: 8.2 ± 2.3 |
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| <2 h/dayd: 7.6 ± 1.3 ≥2 h/daye: 7.5 ± 0.9 p < 0.001 |
<2 h/dayd: 8.3 ± 2.7 ≥2 h/daye: 10.5 ± 3.0 p < 0.001 |
All: 3.0 ± 3.9 Stratified by gaming frequency: Not playingc: 4.0 ± 3.9 <2 h/dayd: 2.6 ± 3.7 ≥2 h/daye: 4.9 ± 4.7 p < 0.001 |
All: 23.7 ± 1.8 Stratified by gaming frequency: Not playingc: 24.0 ± 0.9 <2 h/dayd: 23.5 ± 1.9 ≥2 h/daye: 24.9 ± 1.8 p < 0.001 |
All: 7.4 ± 1.0 Stratified by gaming frequency: Not playingc: 7.3 ± 0.8 <2 h/dayd: 7.3 ± 0.9 ≥2 h/daye: 8.5 ± 2.0 p < 0.001 |
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| Altintas et al. (2019) | nr | All: 6.24 ± 3.12 HSQ: 6.36 ± 2.99 |
Good sleepers | Poor sleep | |
| LSQ: 6.07 + 3.32 p = 0.51 |
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| All: 44.70 HSQ: nr LSQ: nr |
All: 55.30 HSQ: nr LSQ: nr |
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| Evren et al. (2019) | nr | nr | ISI total score | ||
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| Absent: < 14 Present: > 14 |
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| Exelmans and Van den Bulck (2015) | nr | 4.56 ± 2.66 a | Bedtime (hh:mm) | Wake-up time (hh:mm) | |
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| 23:25 ± 1:05 a | 07:30 ± 1:25 a | ||||
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| King and Delfabbro (2009) | nr | nr |
SHI total score
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| 30.2 ± 7.1 | |||||
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| Ko et al. (2020) | nr | nr |
Time to fall asleep (<1am, 1–3am, >3am) |
Wake-up time (<9am, 9am–12pm, >12pm) |
Sleep duration (<4 h for > = 2 d/wk) |
|
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| RG: 60.9%, 36.2%, 2.9 IGD: 17.4%, 52.2%, 30.4 p < 0.001 |
RG: 62.3%, 33.3%, 4.3 IGD: 30.4%, 37.7%, 31.9 p < 0.001 |
RG: 4.3 IGD: 58.0 p < 0.001 |
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| Mario et al. (2014) | nr | All: 6.0 (4.0 – 8.0) Frequent: 6.0 (5.0 – 9.0) Infrequent: 5.5 (4.0 – 7.0) p = 0.08 |
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| Rudolf et al. (2020) | 7.1 ± 1.3 | nr |
Sleep quality [mode]
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| “Quite good” (n = 642, 60.2%) | |||||
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| Thomas et al. (2019) | 8.1 ± 1.2 | nr | |||
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| Thomée et al. (2015) | Males: 7.7 ± 1.1 Females: 7.9 ± 1.5 |
nr | |||
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| Wong et al. (2020) | nr | 6.63 ± 2.14 | |||
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. BMI, body mass index; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; ESS, Epworth Sleepiness Scale; SHI, Sleep Hygiene Index; ISI, Insomnia Severity Index; nr, data not reported. a – subset (34.4%) of the total population self-identified as gamers; b – adjusted for age, sex and educational level; c – n = 195; d – n = 640; e – n = 57.