Table 3.
Educational gap between pell and never pell recipients, outcomes from survey data.
| Average outcome for Never Pell recipients | Gap between Pell recipients and Never Pell recipients |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No controls | No controls | Demographic controls | Class level & major | Fall GPA | Fall GPA | Econ. outcomes |
Health | |||||||
| Unweighted | Weighted | Unweighted | ||||||||||||
| Subjective economic outcomes | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |||||
| Considered withdrawing from a class in Spring | 0.285⁎⁎⁎ [0.452] |
0.118⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.101⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) |
0.106⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.072⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.081⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.086⁎⁎⁎ (0.024) |
0.073⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) |
0.072⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) |
|||||
| Reasons: | ||||||||||||||
| Had to move | 0.025⁎⁎⁎ [0.156] |
0.012* (0.007) |
0.019* (0.007) |
0.013* (0.007) |
0.008 (0.008) |
0.009 (0.008) |
0.014 (0.009) |
0.011 (0.009) |
0.011 (0.009) |
|||||
| Got sick with COVID-19 | 0.039⁎⁎⁎ [0.194] |
0.019⁎⁎ (0.009) |
0.017 (0.013) |
0.015* (0.099) |
0.008 (0.009) |
0.007 (0.010) |
0.014 (0.012) |
0.009 (0.012) |
0.008 (0.012) |
|||||
| Concerned grade would jeopardize financial assistance | 0.204⁎⁎⁎ [0.403] |
0.130⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
0.101⁎⁎⁎ (0.024) |
0.120⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) |
0.094⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.102⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.112⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) |
0.093⁎⁎⁎ (0.023) |
0.093⁎⁎⁎ (0.023) |
|||||
| Had to care for family member | 0.062⁎⁎⁎ [0.241] |
0.027⁎⁎⁎ (0.010) |
0.019 (0.015) |
0.019* (0.011) |
0.017 (0.011) |
0.017* (0.011) |
0.016 (0.012) |
0.015 (0.014) |
0.014 (0.014) |
|||||
| Had to work | 0.078⁎⁎⁎ [0.268] |
0.017 (0.011) |
0.016 (0.017) |
0.014 (0.012) |
0.007 (0.012) |
0.020 (0.013) |
0.026* (0.015) |
0.020⁎⁎ (0.015) |
0.029⁎⁎ (0.015) |
|||||
| Sample size | 1357 | 2529 | 2529 | 2529 | 2529 | 2270 | 1770 | 1770 | 1770 | |||||
| Does not plan to return to QC in the fall 2020 | 0.195⁎⁎⁎ [0.396] |
−0.011 (0.016) |
−0.007 (0.022) |
−0.002 (0.017) |
−0.013 (0.017) |
−0.016 (0.018) |
−0.008 (0.021) |
−0.014 (0.021) |
−0.014 (0.021) |
|||||
| Still does not know whether return to QC in the fall 2020 | 0.116⁎⁎⁎ [0.320] |
0.005 (0.013) |
0.004 (0.018) |
0.004 (0.014) |
0.007 (0.014) |
0.015 (0.015) |
0.008 (0.017) |
0.010 (0.017) |
0.010 (0.017) |
|||||
| Sample size | 1279 | 2375 | 2375 | 2375 | 2375 | 2119 | 1644 | 1644 | 1644 | |||||
| Difficulties maintaining academic performance | 0.306⁎⁎⁎ [0.461] |
0.025 (0.019) |
0.017 (0.025) |
0.020 (0.020) |
0.010 (0.021) |
0.009 (0.022) |
0.011 (0.024) |
−0.007 (0.024) |
−0.008 (0.024) |
|||||
| Difficulties continuing college education | 0.262⁎⁎⁎ [0.440] |
0.000 (0.018) |
−0.012 (0.024) |
−0.011 (0.019) |
−0.017 (0.019) |
−0.014 (0.020) |
−0.013 (0.023) |
−0.033 (0.022) |
−0.033 (0.022) |
|||||
| Difficulties maintaining financial aid | 0.171⁎⁎⁎ [0.376] |
0.103⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
0.108⁎⁎⁎ (0.023) |
0.090⁎⁎⁎ (0.017) |
0.085⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) |
0.096⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.104⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.077⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.077⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
|||||
| Sample size | 1302 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2172 | 2172 | 1774 | 1774 | |||||
| Change in graduation plans | 0.286⁎⁎⁎ [0.452] |
0.027 (0.019) |
−0.001 (0.025) |
0.007 (0.020) |
0.022 (0.021) |
0.017 (0.021) |
0.013 (0.024) |
0.022 (0.024) |
0.022 (0.024) |
|||||
| I will consider graduate school | 0.062⁎⁎⁎ [0.241] |
0.010 (0.010) |
0.025 (0.015) |
0.006 (0.011) |
−0.009 (0.011) |
−0.009 (0.012) |
0.000 (0.013) |
−0.003 (0.013) |
−0.003 (0.014) |
|||||
| I will postpone graduation | 0.116⁎⁎⁎ [0.325] |
0.021 (0.014) |
0.006 (0.019) |
0.008 (0.014) |
0.006 (0.015) |
0.013 (0.015) |
0.012 (0.017) |
0.016 (0.017) |
0.016 (0.017) |
|||||
| I will consider taking more courses | 0.108⁎⁎⁎ [0.311] |
−0.004 (0.013) |
−0.032⁎⁎ (0.015) |
−0.007 (0.013) |
−0.019 (0.014) |
−0.021 (0.014) |
−0.025 (0.016) |
−0.034⁎⁎ (0.016) |
−0.035⁎⁎ (0.013) |
|||||
| Sample size | 1266 | 2340 | 2340 | 2340 | 2340 | 2105 | 1771 | 1771 | 1771 | |||||
| COVARIATES | ||||||||||||||
| Sex, race, age, and US born | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||
| Class level and major | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||
| Fall 2019 cumulative GPA | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||
| Economic outcomes | X | X | X | |||||||||||
| Health outcomes | X | |||||||||||||
| Average outcome for Never Pell recipients | Gap between Pell recipients and Never Pell recipients | |||||||||||||
| No controls | No controls |
Demographic controls | Class level & major | Fall GPA | ||||||||||
| Unweighted | Weighted | Unweighted | Unweighted | Unweighted | ||||||||||
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |||||||||
| Objective economic outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| COVID-related financial assistance | 0.548⁎⁎⁎ [0.498] |
0.200⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.205⁎⁎⁎ (0.024) |
0.191⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.188⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.201⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
||||||||
| CARES Act for higher education & CERc | 0.226⁎⁎⁎ [0.418] |
0.183⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) |
0.163⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) |
0.169⁎⁎⁎ (0.019) |
0.157⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.169⁎⁎⁎ [0.021] |
||||||||
| CARES Act for unemployed and income earners | 0.388⁎⁎⁎ [0.487] |
0.067⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.106⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) |
0.073⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.086⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.090⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) |
||||||||
| Sample size | 1347 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 2500 | 2246 | ||||||||
| Lost job | 0.359⁎⁎⁎ [0.480] |
0.073⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.067⁎⁎⁎ (0.026) |
0.058⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.060⁎⁎⁎ (0.022) |
0.066⁎⁎⁎ (0.023) |
||||||||
| Sample size | 1302 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2172 | ||||||||
| Laid-off or furloughed | 0.223⁎⁎⁎ [0.416] |
0.039⁎⁎⁎ (0.018) |
0.058⁎⁎ (0.023) |
0.043* (0.018) |
0.034* (0.019) |
0.032 (0.020) |
||||||||
| Earnings loss | 0.325⁎⁎⁎ [0.469] |
0.055⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.072⁎⁎⁎ (0.025) |
0.062⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.054⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.058⁎⁎ (0.023) |
||||||||
| Sample size | 1260 | 2333 | 2333 | 2333 | 2333 | 2098 | ||||||||
| Subjective economic outcomes | ||||||||||||||
| Lower annual household income | 0.596⁎⁎⁎ [0.491] |
0.087⁎⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.081⁎⁎⁎ (0.027) |
0.054⁎⁎ (0.022) |
0.045* (0.023) |
0.059⁎⁎ (0.025) |
||||||||
| Sample size | 1090 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 2008 | 1802 | ||||||||
| Difficulties replacing a job or internship loss | 0.417⁎⁎⁎ [0.493] |
0.069⁎⁎⁎ (0.020) |
0.051⁎⁎ (0.026) |
0.049⁎⁎ (0.021) |
0.037* (0.022) |
0.042* (0.023) |
||||||||
| Securing food or shelter | 0.048⁎⁎⁎ [0.213] |
0.031⁎⁎⁎ (0.010) |
0.042⁎⁎ (0.014) |
0.020⁎⁎ (0.010) |
0.020* (0.011) |
0.025⁎⁎ (0.011) |
||||||||
| Sample size | 1302 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2413 | 2172 | ||||||||
| COVARIATES | ||||||||||||||
| Sex, race, and age | X | X | X | |||||||||||
| Class level and major | X | X | ||||||||||||
| Fall 2019 cumulative GPA | X | |||||||||||||
Notes: The table reports estimates associated with low-income students on the dependent variables indicated in row headings. Estimates in columns 4 and 5 include socio-demographic characteristics (column 4) and class level and graduate school FE as well as major FE (column 5). Column 6 adds fall 2019 cumulative GPA as a control. The difference between columns 6 and 7 is the sample size, which in column 7 is restricted to students who also responded to the economic and financial outcomes. Estimates in column 8 add to the specification in column 7 controls for all the economic and financial outcomes listed in Table 2.B. Estimates in column 9 add to the specification in column 8 controls for whether the respondent had COVID-19 symptoms and whether the respondent took care of a sick family member. Standard errors are reported in parentheses. Standard deviations are reported in brackets.
⁎
Estimate significantly different from zero at the 0.1 or 0.05 level or 0.01 level.
⁎⁎
,⁎⁎⁎ Estimate significantly different from zero at the 0.1 or 0.05 level or 0.01 level.