Table 3.
Associations between personal and familial COVID-19 exposure, psychiatric symptoms, and daily smartphone use.
| Averaged surveys for infections and hospitalization | Values | |||||||
|
|
No | Yes | P value | |||||
| Personal COVID-19 infection |
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
Total | 36 | 6 | N/Aa | ||||
|
|
Average PIU-SF-6b ≥15, n (%) | 9 (25.0) | 1 (16.7) | .99 | ||||
|
|
Average PHQ-8c ≥10, n (%) | 13 (38.2) | 3 (60.0) | .63 | ||||
|
|
Average GAD-7d ≥10, n (%) | 9 (26.5) | 2 (40.0) | .61 | ||||
|
|
Average daily screen time, mean minutes (SD) | 356 (126) | 548 (54) | .01 | ||||
|
|
Average daily social media time, mean minutes (SD) | 166 (85) | 221 (76) | .26 | ||||
| Familial COVID-19 infection |
|
|||||||
|
|
Total | 14 | 23 | N/A | ||||
|
|
Average PIU-SF-6 ≥15, n (%) | 3 (15.8) | 7 (30.4) | .31 | ||||
|
|
Average PHQ-8 ≥10, n (%) | 6 (35.3) | 10 (45.5) | .74 | ||||
|
|
Average GAD-7 ≥10, n (%) | 5 (29.4) | 6 (27.3) | .99 | ||||
|
|
Average daily screen time, mean minutes (SD) | 365 (102) | 391 (156) | .55 | ||||
|
|
Average daily social media time, mean minutes (SD) | 143 (72) | 192 (89) | .16 | ||||
| Familial COVID-19 hospitalization |
|
|||||||
|
|
Total | 27 | 10 | N/A | ||||
|
|
Average PIU-SF-6 ≥15, n (%) | 7 (21.9) | 3 (30) | .68 | ||||
|
|
Average PHQ-8 ≥10, n (%) | 11 (37.9) | 5 (50) | .71 | ||||
|
|
Average GAD-7 ≥10, n (%) | 9 (31) | 2 (20) | .69 | ||||
|
|
Average daily screen time, mean minutes (SD) | 356 (136) | 443 (119) | .11 | ||||
|
|
Average daily social media time, mean minutes (SD) | 161 (89) | 204 (68) | .07 | ||||
aN/A: not applicable.
bPIU-SF-6: Problematic Internet Use Short Form 6.
cPHQ-8: 8-item Patient Health Questionnaire.
dGAD-7: 7-item General Anxiety Disorder.