Table 1. Demographic and behavioral characteristics of study participants.
| Characteristics | All | By race | By poverty level*** | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EA (n=20) | AA (n=19) | P* | High (n=18) | Low (n=20) | P | |||
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 48.0±12.0 | 44.9±13.5 | 51.4±9.1 | 0.08 | 48.3±12.4 | 49.1±10.4 | 0.85 | |
| Age at menstrual (years), mean ± SD | 12.9±1.5 | 12.7±1.2 | 13±1.7 | 0.46 | 12.9±1.6 | 12.9±1.4 | 0.82 | |
| Birth control pills, n (%) | 1 | 0.99 | ||||||
| Yes | 4 (10.3) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (10.0) | |||
| No | 33 (84.6) | 17 (85.0) | 16 (84.2) | 15 (83.3) | 17 (85.0) | |||
| Unknown | 2 (5.1) | 1 (5.0) | 1 (5.3) | 1 (5.6) | 1 (5.0) | |||
| Ever given birth, n (%) | 0.95 | 0.43 | ||||||
| Yes | 31 (79.5) | 16 (80.0) | 15 (78.9) | 14 (77.8) | 17 (85.0) | |||
| No | 8 (20.5) | 4 (20.0) | 4 (21.1) | 4 (22.2) | 3 (15.0) | |||
| Age at first child (years), mean ± SD | 17.7±9.3 | 17.6±9.8 | 17.9±8.8 | 0.55 | 18.3±9.3 | 18±9.0 | 0.66 | |
| Number of children | 2.2±1.8 | 2.0±1.8 | 2.6±1.8 | 0.30 | 2.2±1.8 | 2.4±1.9 | 0.88 | |
| Menopausal status, n (%) | 0.92 | 0.99 | ||||||
| Premenopausal | 12 (30.8) | 6 (30.0) | 6 (31.6) | 6 (33.3) | 6 (30.0) | |||
| Postmenopausal | 22 (56.4) | 11 (55.0) | 11 (57.9) | 10 (55.6) | 11 (55.0) | |||
| Unknown | 5 (12.8) | 3 (15.0) | 2 (10.5) | 2 (11.1) | 3 (15.0) | |||
| Current hormone therapy, n (%) | 0.24 | 0.004 | ||||||
| Yes | 5 (12.8) | 4 (20.0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 5 (25.0) | |||
| No | 24 (61.5) | 10 (50.0) | 14 (73.7) | 12 (66.7) | 11 (55.0) | |||
| Unknown | 10 (25.6) | 6 (30.0) | 4 (21.1) | 6 (30) | 4 (20.0) | |||
| Family history of breast cancer, n (%) | 0.57 | 0.53 | ||||||
| Yes | 12 (30.8) | 6 (30.0) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (27.8) | 7 (35.0) | |||
| No | 26 (66.7) | 14 (70.0) | 12 (63.2) | 13 (72.2) | 12 (60.0) | |||
| Unsure | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.0) | |||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31.7±8.6 | 27.4±6.4 | 36.2±8.6 | 0.001 | 31.4±10.5 | 32.5±6.5 | 0.69 | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.34 | 0.34 | ||||||
| Less than high school graduate | 1 (2.6) | 1 (5.0) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.6) | 0 (0) | |||
| High school graduate or GED | 5 (12.8) | 1 (5.0) | 4 (21.1) | 3 (16.7) | 2 (10.0) | |||
| Some college or technical school | 18 (46.2) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (47.4) | 9 (50.0) | 8 (40.0) | |||
| College or post-college graduate | 15 (38.5) | 9 (45.0) | 6 (31.6) | 5 (27.8) | 10 (50.0) | |||
| Alcohol use, n (%) | 0.36 | 0.03 | ||||||
| 2–6 times a week | 2 (5.1) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.0) | |||
| About once a week | 4 (10.3) | 2 (10.0) | 2 (10.5) | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.0) | |||
| About once a month | 16 (41.0) | 11 (55.0) | 5 (26.3) | 5 (27.8) | 10 (50.0) | |||
| About once a year | 5 (12.8) | 2 (10.0) | 3 (15.8) | 1 (5.6) | 4 (20.0) | |||
| Never | 11 (28.2) | 5 (25.0) | 6 (31.6) | 9 (50.0) | 2 (10.0) | |||
| Unsure | 1 (2.6) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (5.0) | |||
| Telomere length (T/S) | 0.4±0.02 | 0.43±0.03 | 0.43±0.02 | 0.65 | 0.43±0.03 | 0.43±0.02 | 0.64 | |
| DNAmAge | 79.3±9.9 | 76.8±11.0 | 81.9±8.0 | 0.11 | 78.4±11.8 | 81.0±7.1 | 0.41 | |
| Age acceleration | 31.3±6.9 | 32.0±6.4 | 30.5±7.4 | 0.51 | 30.0±8.2 | 31.9±5.1 | 0.39 | |
*, P values represent differences between groups for each characteristic; ***, One EA participant was missing the residential info and was excluded when comparing poverty levels. Continuous variables were evaluated by two-sample t-tests, and chi square (χ2) tests were used to investigate the differences in distributions of categorical variables. EA, European-Americans; AA, African-Americans.