Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients stratified by outcomes.
| Survival to hospital discharge | Neurological outcome at hospital discharge | ||||||
| Overall (n = 730) | Yes (n = 194) | No (n = 536) | P value | CPC 1–2 (n = 116) | CPC 3–5 (n = 78) | P value | |
| Age, yr, median (IQR) | 66 (54, 76) | 60 (47, 68) | 67 (57, 77) | <.001 | 56 (46, 65) | 65 (47, 77) | <.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 496 (67.9) | 135 (69.6) | 361 (67.4) | .567 | 83 (71.6) | 52 (66.7) | .468 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||
| Heart disease | 204 (27.9) | 53 (27.3) | 151 (28.2) | .821 | 34 (29.3) | 20 (25.6) | .576 |
| Heart failure, this admission | 89 (12.2) | 25 (12.9) | 64 (11.9) | .73 | 13 (11.2) | 12 (15.4) | .395 |
| Heart failure, prior admission | 72 (9.9) | 26 (13.4) | 46 (8.6) | .054 | 17 (14.7) | 9 (11.5) | .532 |
| Myocardial infarction, this admission | 25 (3.4) | 6 (3.1) | 19 (3.5) | .767 | 3 (2.6) | 3 (3.9) | .619 |
| Myocardial infarction, prior admission | 93 (12.7) | 21 (10.8) | 72 (13.4) | .319 | 9 (7.8) | 12 (15.4) | .094 |
| Arrhythmia | 105 (14.4) | 23 (11.9) | 82 (15.3) | .242 | 15 (12.9) | 8 (10.3) | .572 |
| Coronary artery disease | 248 (34.0) | 66 (34.0) | 182 (34.0) | .987 | 38 (32.3) | 28 (35.9) | .651 |
| Hypertension | 328 (44.9) | 86 (44.3) | 242 (45.1) | .844 | 47 (40.5) | 39 (50.0) | .192 |
| Hypotension | 10 (1.4) | 4 (2.1) | 6 (1.1) | .333 | 2 (1.7) | 2 (2.6) | .687 |
| Neurological insufficiency | 189 (25.9) | 48 (24.7) | 141 (26.3) | .670 | 19 (16.4) | 29 (37.2) | <.001 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 407 (55.8) | 101 (52.1) | 306 (57.1) | .227 | 62 (53.5) | 39 (50.0) | .637 |
| Hepatic insufficiency | 109 (14.9) | 27 (13.9) | 82 (15.3) | .644 | 12 (10.3) | 15 (19.2) | .08 |
| Renal insufficiency | 153 (20.9) | 36 (18.6) | 117 (21.8) | .337 | 20 (17.2) | 16 (20.5) | .565 |
| Diabetes | 198 (27.1) | 52 (26.8) | 146 (27.2) | .907 | 31 (26.7) | 21 (26.9) | .976 |
| Sepsis | 112 (15.3) | 23 (11.9) | 89 (16.0) | .116 | 12 (10.3) | 11 (14.1) | .427 |
| Cancer | 87 (11.9) | 17 (8.7) | 69 (13.1) | .114 | 7 (6.0) | 10 (12.8) | .101 |
| Other∗ | 233 (31.9) | 56 (28.9) | 177 (33.0) | .287 | 32 (27.6) | 24 (30.8) | .631 |
| Alcohol abuse | 9 (1.2) | 2 (1.0) | 7 (1.3) | .766 | 1 (0.9) | 1 (1.3) | .776 |
| Blood transfusion over the last 30 days | 31 (4.2) | 9 (4.6) | 22 (4.1) | .752 | 3 (2.6) | 6 (7.7) | .097 |
| Arrest at night, n (%) | 197 (27.0) | 46 (23.7) | 151 (28.2) | .23 | 25 (21.6) | 21 (26.9) | .388 |
| Arrest on weekend, n (%) | 71 (9.7) | 12 (6.2) | 59 (11.0) | .62 | 8 (6.9) | 4 (5.1) | .616 |
| Arrest location, n (%) | .232 | .336 | |||||
| Emergency department | 223 (30.5) | 60 (30.9) | 163 (30.4) | 33 (28.4) | 27 (34.6) | ||
| ICU | 216 (29.6) | 46 (23.7) | 170 (31.7) | 25 (21.6) | 21 (26.9) | ||
| General ward | 238 (32.6) | 71 (36.6) | 167 (31.2) | 49 (42.2) | 22 (28.2) | ||
| Outpatient clinic | 25 (3.4) | 9 (4.6) | 16 (3.0) | 4 (3.4) | 5 (6.4) | ||
| Other† | 28 (3.8) | 8 (4.1) | 20 (3.7) | 5 (4.3) | 3 (3.8) | ||
| Witnessed arrest, n (%) | 704 (96.4) | 189 (97.4) | 515 (96.1) | .389 | 112 (96.6) | 77 (98.7) | .351 |
| Initial shockable rhythm, n (%) | 91 (12.5) | 41 (21.1) | 50 (9.3) | <.001 | 32 (27.6) | 9 (11.5) | <.001 |
| Total CPR duration, mins, median (IQR) | 12 (4,24) | 4 (3, 7) | 21 (12, 30) | <.001 | 3 (2, 4) | 8 (7,13) | <.001 |
| PostROSC interventions, n (%) | |||||||
| TTM | 82 (11.2) | 23 (11.9) | 59 (11.0) | .7485 | 20 (17.2) | 3 (3.8) | .004 |
| PCI | 62 (8.5) | 44 (22.7) | 18 (3.4) | <.001 | 33 (28.5) | 11 (14.1) | .019 |
| ECMO | 34 (4.7) | 6 (3.1) | 28 (5.2) | .2274 | 2 (1.7) | 4 (5.1) | .179 |
| Blood sample wthin 1h after sustained ROSC | |||||||
| WBC, 109/L, median (IQR) | 12.3 (6.4, 11.7) | 9.8 (5.3, 21.4) | 11.7 (6.8, 17.6) | .793 | 9.3 (4.7, 19.8) | 12.4 (7.4, 17.3) | .503 |
| RBC, 1012/L, median (IQR) | 2.8 (2.3, 4.1) | 3.0 (2.7, 3.9) | 2.8 (2.2, 3.5) | .401 | 3.1 (2.7, 4.1) | 2.7 (2.1, 3.6) | .627 |
| Hemoglobin, g/L, median (IQR) | 92 (73, 116) | 92 (76, 118) | 88 (64, 112) | .225 | 91 (79, 127) | 91 (64, 110) | .284 |
| RDW, %, median (IQR) | 14.9 (13.7, 16.8) | 14.0 (13.5, 15.6) | 15.7 (14.2, 17.4) | .032 | 13.9 (13.5, 14.9) | 15.8 (14.1, 17.2) | .014 |
| CRP, mg/L, median (IQR) | 64.3 (18.3, 138.5) | 61.4 (28.6, 153.1) | 65.3 (23.1, 145.8) | .671 | 79.8 (33.4, 157.3) | 52.4 (14.5, 131.6) | .291 |
| Glucose, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 8.2 (5.7, 11.2) | 8.8 (6.5, 13.2) | 8.3 (5.9, 12.1) | .388 | 8.9 (6.8, 12.9) | 8 (5.7, 11.4) | .243 |
| Sodium, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 141 (136, 145) | 141 (137, 144) | 141 (136.,145) | .812 | 141 (135, 145) | 141 (136, 144) | .981 |
| Potassium, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 4.3 (3.6, 4.9) | 4.3 (3.6, 5.1) | 4.2 (3.8, 4.8) | .935 | 4.3 (3.5, 4.9) | 4.3 (3.6, 4.9) | .964 |
| Calcium, mmol/L, mean (SD) | 2.06 (0.21) | 2.07 (0.25) | 2.09 (0.22) | .633 | 2.05 (0.25) | 2.06 (0.23) | .616 |
CPC = cerebral performance category, CPR = cardiopulmonary resuscitation, CRP = C-reactive protein, ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU = intensive care unit, IQR = inter-quartile range, PCI = percutaneous coronary intervention, RBC = red blood cell, RDW = red blood cell distribution width, ROSC = return of spontaneous circulation, SD = standard deviation, TTM = targeted temperature management, WBC = white blood cell.
∗
Including but not limited to electrolyte disturbances, hyperlipidemia, and alcohol use disorder, drug overdose/side effect.
†
Including ambulatory or floor, diagnostic or interventional areas, examination room, operating room, postanesthesia recovery room, rehabilitation unit, and delivery room.