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. 2020 Aug;9(8):4811–4819. doi: 10.21037/tcr-19-2915

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2020 Translational Cancer Research. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/.

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The model of microbeam and broad-beam irradiation. (A) Proton microbeam targeted the cell nucleus or cytoplasm precisely, whereas broad-beam radiation lacked precision, and got scattered in cells; (B) schematic representation of SPICE-dish target areas by microbeam irradiation with X-Y coordinates; (C) representative image of γ-H2AX fluorescence with microbeam and broad-beam irradiation (40×); γ-H2AX foci collected only at the irradiation site with microbeam irradiation; but broad-beam induced γ-H2AX expression scattered near the nucleus. The contrast of the photos was enhanced by software, but the other parameters remained the same. SPICE, single-particle irradiation system to cells.