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Western blot assays were conducted to detect the expression level of α-SMA and phosphorylation level of Smad2/3; β-actin was selected as a control. The TGFβ1 signaling pathway was activated by Treg-derived TGFβ1. Treg cells could greatly increase the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 and promote the expression of α-SMA.
