Table 1. The list of fusion genes in prostate cancer.
| Fusion gene | Year | Sample | Function | Validation by independent technology (Y or N) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TMPRSS2-ERG | 2005 | Early- and late-stage prostate cancer, LNCaP, DU145 | An early event in prostate carcinogenesis | N | (9-15) |
| TMPRSS2-ETV1 | 2005 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (9,13,15) |
| TMPRSS2-ETV4 | 2006 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,15,16) |
| U19-Eaf2 | 2006 | Downregulated in advanced prostate cancer | Its overexpression can markedly induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and suppresses xenograft tumor growth | N | (17,18) |
| C15orf21-ETV1 | 2007 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,19-23) |
| TMPRSS2-ETV5 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,15,19) |
| SLC45A3-ETV5 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,19) |
| HERV-K-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,13,19,23) |
| HNRPA2B1-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,19,20,24) |
| CANT1-ETV1/ETV4 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (20,25) |
| HERVK17-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (21,26) |
| EST14-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (13,21,24,26,27) |
| DDX5-ETV4 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (15,20) |
| FLJ37254-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (20) |
| SLC45A3-ERG | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (20,28-30) |
| SLC45A3-ETV1/ETV5 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (13) |
| ACSL3-ETV1 | 2008 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,23) |
| SYT-SSX | 2008 | Prostatic synovial sarcoma | – | Y | (31) |
| SLC45A3-ELK4 | 2009 | Prostate cancer, benign prostate tissue, metastatic prostate cancer, PC-3, LNCaP, Met-4, 22Rv1, VCaP, MDA-PCA-2B | Regulate cell growth in both androgen-dependent and independent prostate cancer cells | N | (10,12,15,32-36) |
| FOXP1/DDX5-ETV1 | 2009 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (24) |
| ZNF577-ZNF649, ZNF649-ZNF577 | 2009 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (35,37,38) |
| RC3H2-RGS3 | 2009 | VCaP-Met, VCaP | – | N | (12,35,39) |
| STRN4-GPSN2 | 2009 | Metastatic prostate cancer | – | Y | (35) |
| MIPOL1-DGKB | 2009 | LNCaP | – | Y | (35) |
| HJURP-EIF4E2, INPP4-HJURP | 2009 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (35) |
| LMAN2-AP3S1 | 2009 | VCaP | – | N | (12,35,39,40) |
| USP10-ZDHHC7 | 2009 | VCaP | – | N | (35,39) |
| EIF4E2-HJURP, HJURP-INPP4A | 2009 | VCaP | – | Y | (35) |
| NDRG1-ERG | 2010 | Prostate cancer | Association with clinical parameters | N | (29,30) |
| SLC45A3-BRAF, ESRP1-RAF1, RAF1-ESRP1 | 2010 | Advanced prostate cancer | – | N | (41-43) |
| MSMB-NCOA4 | 2011 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissue, highest in the T2 and N2 samples | – | N | (37,44,45) |
| HDAC8-CITED1 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (37) |
| AZGP1-GJC3 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,37) |
| ALG5-PIGU, PIGU-ALG5 | 2011 | TMPRSS2-ERG rearranged prostate cancer | – | N | (11,38,46) |
| TNPO1-IKBKB | 2011 | TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion positive samples | – | N | (11,38) |
| UBE2L3-KRAS | 2011 | DU145, metastatic prostate cancer | UBE2L3-KRAS produces a fusion protein, specific knock-down of which, attenuates cell invasion and xenograft growth. Ectopic expression of the UBE2L3-KRAS fusion protein exhibits transforming activity in RWPE prostate epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo | N | (47,48) |
| ADCK4-NUMBL | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,37,49) |
| C9orf163-SEC16A, SMG5-TMEM79, KLK4-KLK3 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (10,50) |
| DUS4L-BCAP29 | 2011 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissue | Overexpression of DUS4L-BCAP29 promotes cell growth and motility, even in non-cancer cells | N | (37,51) |
| NCKAP5-MGAT5, SH3BGR-RIPK4, C11orf41-RAG1, FAM154A-IRAK3, CCNT1-PANK1 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (44,52) |
| EIF3K-ACTN4, ADCK4-NUMBL, EIF3K-ACTN4, DAC8-CITED1 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (37,53) |
| DHX35-ITCH, NFS1-PREX1 | 2011 | VCaP | – | Y | (39) |
| GAS6-RASA3, ARFGEF2-SULF2, BCAS4-BCAS3, RPS6KB1-TMEM49 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (37,39) |
| KLK2-ETV1 | 2011 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,38) |
| FKBP5-ERG, TMPRSS2-FKBP5-ERG | 2011 | Prostate cancer | Conferring a growth advantage to neoplastic cells | N | (38) |
| SLC45A3-FLI1 | 2012 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (54) |
| TTTY15-USP9Y, USP9Y-TTTY15 | 2012 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissues, nonmalignant tissue from other organs | – | N | (11,34,55,56) |
| FZD6-SDC2 | 2012 | Castrate-resistant neuroendocrine prostate cancer | – | N | (57,58) |
| C15orf21-MYC | 2012 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (57-59) |
| JAZF1-JJAZ1 | 2012 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (33,53) |
| SLC45A3-FGFR2 | 2013 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (60) |
| CCNH-C5orf30 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,61) |
| CCNH-C5orf50 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | Cell cycle progression | N | (61) |
| TMEM135-CCDC67 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,61) |
| KDM4B-AC011523.2 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | Histone demethylation | N | (11,61) |
| TRMT11-GRIK2 | 2014 | Recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy | RNA stability | N | (11,61,62) |
| MTOR-TP53BP1 | 2014 | Recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy | Cell cycle progression | N | (11,61,62) |
| LRRC59-FLJ60017 | 2014 | Recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy | Fibroblast growth factor nuclear import | N | (11,61) |
| SLC45A2-AMACR | 2014 | Prostate cancer | Fatty acid metabolism, associated with chemical recurrence | N | (11,61,62) |
| MAN2A1-FER | 2014 | PC3, DU145 | Protein glycosylation, associated with prostate cancer recurrence | N | (11,61-63) |
| DOT1L-HES6 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | Drive androgen independent growth in prostate cancer | N | (46,64) |
| EIF2AK1-ATR, GLYR1-SLC9A8 | 2014 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (65) |
| MYB-NFIB | 2015 | Prostatic basal cell carcinomas | – | Y | (66) |
| TMPRSS2-SKIL, SLC45A3-SKIL, MIPEP-SKIL, ACPP-SKIL, HMGN2P46-SKIL | 2015 | ETS-negative prostate cancer | Upregulate the TGF-β pathway | N | (41,46) |
| C14orf80-TMEM121 | 2015 | Prostate cancer samples, normal samples | – | N | (49,53) |
| MFGE8-HAPLN3 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | MFGE8-HAPLN3 had a correlation with Gleason score. silencing D2HGDH-GAL3ST2 fusion resulted in dramatic reduction of cell proliferation rate and cell motility | N | (49,53) |
| CLN6-CALML4, NUDT14-JAG2, PRIM1-NACA, SCNN1A-TNFRSF1A, MBD1-CCDC11 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (49,53) |
| PROM2-KCNIP3, BAIAP2L2-SLC16A8, D2HGDH-GAL3ST2 | 2015 | LNCaP, RWPE-1 | – | N | (49,53) |
| CTNNBIP1-CLSTN1, CTBS-GNG5 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (49,51,53) |
| SIDT2-TAGLN, DHRS1-RABGGTA | 2015 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (53,67) |
| HARS2-ZMAT2 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (11,67) |
| ZNF592-ALPK3, LMAN2-MXD3 | 2015 | RWPE-1 | – | N | (49,53) |
| SMG5-PAQR6 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (10,53) |
| MPP5-FAM71D | 2015 | PC346C | Downregulation of FAM71D and MPP5-FAM71D transcripts in PC346C cells decreased proliferation | N | (68) |
| ARHGEF3-C8ORF38 | 2015 | G089 | – | N | (68) |
| SND1-BRAF, EPB41L5-PCDP1, PHF20L1-LRRC6 | 2015 | Prostate cancer | SND1-BRAF may contribute to the enhanced RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling observed with progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer | N | (69) |
| CDC27-OAT | 2016 | African American prostate cancer | – | Y | (70) |
| TMED4-DDX56, AP5S1-MAVS | 2016 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (49) |
| RLN1-RLN2, RLN2-RLN1 | 2016 | The normal and prostate cancer tissues, LNCaP | – | N | (71,72) |
| NONO-TFE3 | 2016 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (73) |
| ACER3-B3GNT6 | 2017 | Overrepresentation in tumors and underrepresentation in benign tissues | Glycoprotein biosynthesis | N | (10) |
| PXDN-AC144450.2 | 2017 | Overrepresentation in tumors and underrepresentation in benign tissues | A lincRNA gene | N | (10) |
| RP11_17A19.1-KCTD1, RP11_321F6.1-SMAD6 | 2017 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissues | LincRNAs | N | (10) |
| ZNF841-ZNF432, ZNF551-ZNF776 | 2017 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissues | Transcript regulation | N | (10) |
| ACSS1-APMAP | 2017 | Prostate cancer, normal prostatic tissues | – | N | (10) |
| TMEM219-TAOK2 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | The apoptotic process | N | (10) |
| NSUN4-FAAH | 2017 | Prostate cancer | Fatty acid metabolism | N | (10) |
| SSBP2-CPNE4 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | Membrane trafficking | N | (10) |
| SPON2-CTBP1 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | Cell adhesion | N | (10) |
| DNAJB1-TECR, GOLM1-NAA35 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | – | N | (10) |
| DUSP11-C2orf11, DUSP11-C2orf78 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (74) |
| KLK2-FGFR2 | 2017 | Prostate cancer | – | Y | (75) |
ETS, erythroblast transformation specific; lincRNA, long intergenic non-coding RNA.