Table 1. Genitourinary complications according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) morbidity scale and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0.

Organ/complication	Grade 1	Grade 2	Grade 3	Grade 4	Grade 5
Genitourinary complications according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)/European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) morbidity scoring criteria
Genitourinary/bladder acute	Frequency of urination or nocturia twice pretreatment habit/dysuria, urgency not requiring medication	Frequency of urination or nocturia that is less frequent than every hour. Dysuria, urgency, bladder spasm requiring local anaesthetic (e.g., Pyridium)	Frequency with urgency and nocturia hourly or more frequently/dysuria, pelvis pain or bladder spasm requiring regular, frequent narcotic/gross haematuria with/without clot passage	Haematuria requiring transfusion/acute bladder obstruction not secondary to clot passage, ulceration, or necrosis	Death
Genitourinary/bladder late	Slight epithelial atrophy; minor telangiectasia (microscopic haematuria)	Moderate frequency; generalized telangiectasia; intermittent macroscopic haematuria	Severe frequency and dysuria; severe telangiectasia (often with petechiae). Frequent haematuria; reduction in bladder capacity (<150 cc)	Necrosis/Contracted bladder (capacity <100 cc). Severe haemorrhagic cystitis	Death
Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0
Haematuria	Asymptomatic; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated	Symptomatic; urinary catheter or bladder irrigation indicated; limiting instrumental ADL	Gross haematuria; transfusion, IV medications, or hospitalization indicated; elective invasive intervention indicated; limiting self-care ADL	Life-threatening consequences; urgent invasive intervention indicated	Death
Cystitis noninfective	Microscopic haematuria; minimal increase in frequency, urgency, dysuria, or nocturia; new onset of incontinence	Moderate haematuria; moderate increase in frequency, urgency, dysuria, nocturia or incontinence; urinary catheter placement or bladder irrigation indicated; limiting instrumental ADL	Gross haematuria; transfusion, IV medications, or hospitalization indicated; elective invasive intervention indicated	Life-threatening consequences; urgent invasive intervention indicated	Death
Urinary fistula	–	Symptomatic, invasive intervention not indicated	Invasive intervention indicated	Life-threatening consequences; urgent invasive intervention indicated	Death
Urinary tract obstruction	Asymptomatic; clinical or diagnostic observations only; intervention not indicated	Symptomatic but no hydronephrosis, sepsis, or renal dysfunction; urethral dilation, urinary or suprapubic catheter indicated	Altered organ function (e.g., hydronephrosis or renal dysfunction); invasive intervention indicated	Life-threatening consequences; urgent intervention indicated	Death

ADL, activities of daily living; IV, intravenous.