Table 3. Literature review of the PRV retro-grade tracing for prostate.
| Publication date | Authors | Neuron location | Conclusion | Labelled organs |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | Orr et al. (15) | Spinal interneurons: T13–S1, DGC; brain: gigantocellularisand paragigantocellularis nucleus (subregion of the medullary reticular formation), raphe magnus, raphe pallidus, A5 noradrenergic cell region (pontine tegmentum), Barrington’s nucleus (ventromedial to the LC), central gray, ventral tegmental area (midline on the floor of the midbrain) and medial preoptic area (part of hypothalamu) | There exist sympathetic and parasympathetic spinal circuits and supraspinal innervation | Ventral prostate |
| 2000 | Zermann et al. (2) | Spinal interneurons: sacral (S1–S2) and the thoracolumbar (T13–L2) spinal cord; brain: nucleus raphe, lateral reticular formation, gigantocellularis nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cell region, LC, pontine micturition center, hypothalamus, medial preoptic region (part of hypothalamus), and periaquaductal gray (part of midbrain) | It shows central neurons control in the prostate gland and the innervation of pelvic visceral organs (bladder, rectum, and urethra) | Prostate |
| 2002 | Nadelhaft et al. (10) | Spinal interneurons: L1–L2 spinal cord segments in the DGC and the intermediolateral areas | Spinal neurons innervating the bladder are separate and from the prostate | Prostate |
| 2005 | Xu et al. (16) | L1 level: DGC, ipsilateral intermediolateral cell column, ipsilateral DH; L3 level: DGC and in the ipsilateral MG; L6 level: SPN and DGC | There are connections between the motoneurons of the dorsomedial nucleus and both sympathetic as well as parasympathetic preganglionic neurons innervating the prostate | Prostate |
| 2007 | Huddleston et al. (11) | Brain: the controlling neurons are with AR or ER immunoreactivity in the medial preoptic area, median preoptic nucleus, bed nucleus of stria terminalis (ventricular surface of the thalamus), hypothalamic PVN, and zona incerta (subthalamus below the thalamus) | Collectively, a steroid receptor-containing neuronal circuit, largely contained in the diencephalon, was likely involved in the autonomic control of prostate | Prostate |
PRV, pseudorabies virus; DGC, dorsal gray commissure; LC, locus coeruleus; DH, dorsal horn; SPN, sacral parasympathetic nucleus; PVN, paraventricular nucleus.