Table 2. Potential viral interferences between respiratory viruses*.
| Interfering virus | Second virus | Observed effect in patients, animal models, and ex vivo systems | Results and statistical significance | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| pH1N1 | H3N2 | Prevents A(H3N2) shedding in ferret model | No H3N2 virus shedding | (17) |
|
|
IBV |
Prevents or delays IBV shedding in ferret model |
Peak delayed by 1.8 d (p = 0.014) |
(17) |
| IAV | RSV | Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.11 (95% CI 0.00–0.92) | (18) |
| Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.37 (95% CI 0.24–0.57) | (19) | ||
|
|
|
Prevents or delays RSV shedding in ferret model |
Peak delayed by 2 d (p = 0.009) |
(3) |
| RSV | HMPV | Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.09–0.80) | (19) |
|
|
|
Reduces HMPV replication in HAEC model |
By 1 or 2 log after 5 d (p<0.05) |
(20) |
| HRV | IAV | Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.06 (95% CI 0.01–0.24) | (18) |
| Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.08 (95% CI 0.02–0.30) | (21) | ||
| Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.15 (95% CI 0.04–0.53) | (22) | ||
| Reduced likelihood of co-detection in patients | OR 0.16 (95% CI 0.09–0.28) | (23) | ||
|
|
|
Reduces IAV replication in HAEC model |
>15-fold after 24 h (p = 0.0002) |
(23) |
| RSV | HRV | Reduced infection rate with HRV in patients | 8% vs. 14% (p<0.049) | (24) |
| Reduced likelihood of co-infection in patients | OR 0.17 (95% CI 0.09–0.33) | (18) | ||
| TCRI study | OR 0.30 (95% CI 0.22‒0.40) | (25) | ||
| INSPIRE study | OR 0.18 (95% CI 0.11–0.28) | (25) | ||
|
|
|
MAKI trial |
OR 0.34 (95% CI 0.16–0.72) |
(25) |
| HRV | SARS-CoV-2 | Reduces SARS-CoV-2 replication in HAEC model | By 3 log after 48 h (p = 0.006) | (26) |
| By 3.5 log after 72 h (p<0.0001) | (27) |
*HAEC, human airway epithelial cells; HMPV, human metapneumovirus; HRV, human rhinovirus; IAV, influenza A virus; IBV, influenza B virus; INSPIRE, Infant Susceptibility to Pulmonary Infections and Asthma Following RSV Exposure (in a region of the southeastern United States); MAKI, trial on the effects of RSV prophylaxis with palivuzimab in healthy preterm infants in the Netherlands; OR, odds ratio; RSV, respiratory syncytial virus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TCRI, Tennessee Children’s Respiratory Initiative.