Table 1. Functions and molecular targets of PGRN in cancer.
| Cancer | Functions | Molecular targets |
|---|---|---|
| Leukemia | Induces an inflammatory response | TNF-α |
| Lung cancer | Induces invasion and migration; induces chemotherapy resistance | VEGF |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Induces angiogenesis; promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration; reduces chemosensitivity | VEGF, Akt, MAPK, mTOR |
| Breast cancer | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and migration; induces angiogenesis; induces chemotherapy resistance and resistance to endocrine therapy | VEGF, estrogen receptor, cyclin D1 |
| Colorectal cancer | Induces cancer growth, migration, and invasion; promotes angiogenesis and activation of fibroblasts | TNFR2/Akt, ERK, Wnt |
| Ovarian cancer (8) | Promotes proliferation and motility of cancer cells; inhibits apoptosis; induces migration and invasion | PKC, CDK4, cyclin D, MAPK, MMP-2 |
| Bladder cancer (9) | Stimulates migration and invasion; promotes proliferation and motility of cancer cells; reduces chemosensitivity | MAPK, Akt |
| Prostate cancer | Promotes proliferation; promotes invasion and migration | Akt, ERK1/2 |
| Glioma | Induces chemotherapy resistance; inhibits apoptosis | AP-1, PI3K/Akt, ERK1/2, CDK4/6/pRb |
| Cervical cancer | Induces proliferation; inhibits senescence | PI3K/Akt/mTOR |
| Endometrial cancer | Promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis; induces angiogenesis | VEGF |
| Gastric cancer | Promotes proliferation and migration | Akt, MAPK, MEK1/2 |
| Pancreatic cancer | Supports metastasis; stimulates proliferation | – |
| Esophageal cancer | Promotes angiogenesis | VEGF |
| Mesothelioma | Induces angiogenesis and tube formation | – |
| Skin cancer | Promotes invasion and migration | Cyclin D |
| Myeloma | Promotes cell growth; induces resistance of dexamethasone | MAPK, PI3K |
| Laryngeal carcinoma | Promotes proliferation | – |
CDK4, cyclin dependent kinase 4; ERK, extracellular regulated protein kinases; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MEK1/2, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases 1 and 2; MMP-2, matrix metallopeptidase 2; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; PGRN, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase.; PKC, protein kinase C; TNFR2, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.